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LDPC Encoding and Decoding Techniques

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Guide Comprehensive analysis of linear error-correcting block codes, Tanner graphs, and 5G-NR implementations. 📘 Overview 🧮 Encoding 🧩 Decoding 📚 Resources Theory Encoding Tech Tanner Graph 5G Encoding Decoding 'LDPC' is the abbreviation for 'low density parity check'. LDPC code H matrix contains very few amount of 1's and mostly zeroes. LDPC codes are error correcting code. Using LDPC codes, channel capacities that are close to the theoretical Shannon limit can be achieved. Low density parity check (LDPC) codes are linear error-correcting block code suitable for error correction in a large block sizes transmi...
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Direction of Arrival (DoA) Online Simulator (using MUSIC)

Interactive DOA Simulator X-axis XY angle (deg): 45 XZ angle (deg): 30 Noise: 0.05 Y-axis XY angle (deg): 60 YZ angle (deg): 45 Noise: 0.05 Z-axis XZ angle (deg): 60 YZ angle (deg): 30 Noise: 0.05 Estimated DOA (deg): 0 Simulation Workflow and Mathematical Background This simulator demonstrates Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation using three-axis sensor signals (X, Y, Z), Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) , and the MUSIC algorithm . It allows interactive control of signal angles and noise for teaching purposes. 1. Signal Generation A pure sinewave signal of frequency f is projected onto three axes using user-defined angles in different planes: X-axis: θ XY , θ XZ Y-axis: θ XY , θ YZ Z-axis: θ XZ , θ YZ Mathematically, for each time sample t : x(t) = s(t) * cos(θ_xy_x) * cos(θ_xz_x) + n_x(t) y(t) = s(t) * sin(θ_xy_y) * cos(θ_yz_y) + n_y(t) z(t) = s(t) * sin(θ_xz_z) * sin(θ_yz_z) + n_z(t) wh...
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Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Signal Generation

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator đŸ“ļ FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator Demodulation More Topics 1. ASK (Ampli...
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UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers with Solutions

Download Papers and Solutions Exam Pattern Preparation Tips FAQs More Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2026 PYQ 📊 Exam Highlights: Electronic Science (88) Feature Details Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) ₹37,000 + HRA per month Eligibility M.Sc/M.Tech in Electronics (55%) Validity of Certificate JRF (3 Years) | Lectureship (Lifetime) đŸ“Ĩ Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading 📂 View All Question Papers June 2025 - Question Paper Download PDF June 2025 - Sol...
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Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Constellation Diagrams: ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive guide to signal space representation, including interactive simulators and MATLAB implementations. 📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator ⚖️ Theory 📈 Q-function 📚 Resources BASK Modulation Transmits one of two signals: 0 or $\sqrt{E_b}$, representing binary 0 and 1. Simple but sensitive to noise. BFSK Modulation Transmits one of two signals: $\sqrt{E_b}$ on the Y-axis or $\sqrt{E_b}$ on the X-axis. These are orthogonal signals. BPSK Modulation Transmits $+\sqrt{E_b}$ or $-\sqrt{E_b}$ (antipodal signaling). Most efficient binary scheme. ...
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Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 Simulator for GMSK 🧮 MSK and GMSK: Understanding the Relationship 🧮 MATLAB Code for GMSK 📚 Simulation Results for GMSK 📚 Q & A and Summary 📚 Further Reading Dive into the fascinating world of GMSK modulation, where continuous phase modulation and spectral efficiency come together for robust communication systems! Core Process of GMSK Modulation Phase Accumulation (Integration of Filtered Signal) After applying Gaussian filtering to the Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) signal, we integrate the smoothed signal to produce a continuous phase signal. For GMSK, the modulation index is $h=0.5$, meaning a bit '1' results in a phase shift of $\pi/2$: θ(t) = 2Ī€h ∫ 0 t m filtered (Ī„) dĪ„ This integration is crucial for avoiding abrupt phase transitions, ensuring smooth and continuous phase changes. Phase Mo...
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1G to 5G Technology - Evolution of Wireless Generations

Cellular wireless evolution Generation Frequency band PHY features Data rate Spectral Eff. (bps/Hz) 1G 850 MHz FDMA, FM N/A N/A 2G 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz TDMA/CDMA, GMSK/QPSK, FEC, PC 10 Kbps < 1 3G 1.8–2.5 GHz CDMA, QAM 1–40 Mbps 1–8 4G 2–8 GHz OFDMA, SC-FDMA, QAM, MIMO-OFDM 100–600 Mbps 15 5G 1–6 GHz mm wave (26–28 GHz) < 1 GHz (massive IoT) visible light? massive MIMO, beamforming D2D, Full duplex, NOMA LDPC and Polar codes OFDM & variants (adapted to extremes?) multi-Gbps several tens Waveform design is the major change between the generations Mobile Wireless Generations Specifications  1G  Voice, Analog traffic, FDMA  2G  Voice, SMS, CS data ...
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