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It's an Electronic Communication Systems-focused technical blog. In this blog, we'll discuss Electronic communication systems, Wireless Communication, Telecommunication, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G [Read More], IoTs, MIMO, Beamforming, Millimeter wave, UWB, Microwave links, Wireless channels, Modulation techniques, GATE ESE, UGC-NET, Project / Thesis ideas [↗], Electronics industry, Programming, Web design, Short term courses, etc.



Ask your questions in the forum [↗]. We post articles about wireless communication technologies such as Wireless, 5G, UWB, Millimeter wave, Beamforming, IoTs, and MATLAB. Web design, WordPress, and other related topics are also significant components of our site.

 


Constellation Diagrams

Digital communication is complete with constellation diagrams. If you have a digital communication interview, the interviewer will ask you to draw a constellation diagram.

Ber vs. S.NR

The relationship between BER and SNR reveals how many transmitted bits from a communication system are corrupted. Did you know? Bit error rates for practical communication systems are close to 10-5 or better.




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Admin & Author: Salim

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  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


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Popular Posts

Hybrid Beamforming | Page 2

Beamforming Techniques Hybrid Beamforming... Page 1 | Page 2 | clear all; close all; clc; Nt = 64; Nr = 16; NtRF = 4; NrRF = 4; At both the transmitter and receiver ends, there are four RF chains only for a hybrid beamforming system. Alternatively, every 16 antenna elements on the transmitter side is connected to a single RF chain, while every 4 antenna elements on the receiver side are connected to a single RF chain. Mixers, amplifiers, and other critical wireless communication components make up the RF chain. Now, in the case of hybrid beamforming, there can be four different data streams between the transmitter and receiver, as both sides have four RF chains, each of which is accountable for a separate data stream. For Analog Beamforming: All 64 Tx antenna elements create a beam or focus the resultant correlated signal spread from adjacent antennas to a particular direction. Similarly, it may be used for beam...
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Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

📘 Comparisons among ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Online Simulator for calculating Bandwidth of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER vs. SNR Analysis of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Comparisons of Noise Sensitivity, Bandwidth, Complexity, etc. 🧮 MATLAB Code for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Generation 🧮 Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Constellation 🧮 Some Questions and Answers Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK   Simulator for Calculating Bandwidth of ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second. Both baud rate and bit rate a...
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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as,  In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits)  On the other hand, SNR ...
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Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator for calculating BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating theoretical BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating simulated BER 📚 Further Reading BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Simulator for calculating BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary PSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR Curves MATLAB Code for Theoretical BER % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % SNR v...
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Antenna Gain-Combining Methods - EGC, MRC, SC, and RMSGC

📘 Overview 🧮 Equal gain combining (EGC) 🧮 Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 🧮 Selective combining (SC) 🧮 Root mean square gain combining (RMSGC) 🧮 Zero-Forcing (ZF) Combining 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading  There are different antenna gain-combining methods. They are as follows. 1. Equal gain combining (EGC) 2. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 3. Selective combining (SC) 4. Root mean square gain combining (RMSGC) 5. Zero-Forcing (ZF) Combining  1. Equal gain combining method Equal Gain Combining (EGC) is a diversity combining technique in which the receiver aligns the phase of the received signals from multiple antennas (or channels) but gives them equal amplitude weight before summing. This means each received signal is phase-corrected to be coherent with others, but no scaling is applied based on signal strength or channel quality (unlike MRC). Mathematically, for received signa...
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MATLAB Code for BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Online Simulator for Calculating BER of M-ary PSK and QAM 🧮 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 🧮 Are QPSK and 4-PSK same? 📚 Further Reading   QPSK offers double the data rate of BPSK while maintaining a similar bit error rate at low SNR when Gray coding is used. It shares spectral efficiency with 4-QAM and can outperform 4-QAM or 16-QAM in very noisy channels. QPSK is widely used in practical wireless systems, often alongside QAM in adaptive modulation schemes [Read more...] What is the Gray Code? Gray Code: Gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit. This property is called the single-bit difference or unit distance code. It is also known as reflected binary code. Let's convert binary 111 to Gray code: Binary bits: B = 1 1 1 Apply the rule: G[0] = B[0] = 1...
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Ultra-Wideband | Positioning, Frequency Range, Power and AoA & AoD detection

Frequency Bands Ultra-Wideband... UWB functions with the signal's so-called Time of Flight rather than RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication), which makes technology more precise and enables it to conduct extremely precise ranging measurements. This is in contrast to traditional radio technologies (like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi). Key Features of UWB Bands UWB in order to bring decimeter-level positioning to the market There is almost no interference with other radio communication systems Multipath signal propagation resistance  resistance to noise  Low-power transceiver required Ultra Wide Band or UWB comes under the  Super High Frequency Band (SHF) range, as SHF ranges from 3 to 30 GHz. UWB frequency range: 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz Ultra-wideband or UWB technology is used for high-speed short-range wireless communication protocol. Now, it is a globally accepted protocol used in Mobile Telephony, AirTags, Medical fields, and NFC (near-field co...
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MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for ...
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