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It's an Electronic Communication Systems-focused technical blog. In this blog, we'll discuss Electronic communication systems, Wireless Communication, Telecommunication, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G [Read More], IoTs, MIMO, Beamforming, Millimeter wave, UWB, Microwave links, Wireless channels, Modulation techniques, GATE ESE, UGC-NET, Project / Thesis ideas [↗], Electronics industry, Programming, Web design, Short term courses, etc.



Ask your questions in the forum [↗]. We post articles about wireless communication technologies such as Wireless, 5G, UWB, Millimeter wave, Beamforming, IoTs, and MATLAB. Web design, WordPress, and other related topics are also significant components of our site.

 


Constellation Diagrams

Digital communication is complete with constellation diagrams. If you have a digital communication interview, the interviewer will ask you to draw a constellation diagram.

Ber vs. S.NR

The relationship between BER and SNR reveals how many transmitted bits from a communication system are corrupted. Did you know? Bit error rates for practical communication systems are close to 10-5 or better.




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  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


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Popular Posts

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK ASK or OFF ON Keying Ask is a simple (less complex) Digital Modulation Scheme where we vary the modulation signal's amplitude or voltage by the message signal's amplitude or voltage. We select two levels (two different voltage levels) for transmitting modulated message signals for the exam. And for example, we mapped the signal as two-level  "+5 Volt"  (which is the upper level) and another level,  "0 Volt,"  which is considered as the lower level. Whenever we need to transmit binary bit  "1,"  then the transmitter transmits a signal of  "+5 Volts,"  and when we need to send bit  "0,"  then it transmits no power. But the receiver is intelligent enough to deflect whether you've sent binary bit  "1"  or  "0
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UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2022: Previous Year Question Papers ...   NET | GATE | ESE | UGC-NET (Electronics Science, Subject code: 88 ) UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2023] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2023] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2022]  UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2022]   UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2021] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2020] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2019] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2019] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2018] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [July 2018] UG
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MATLAB Code for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation

   Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) MATLAB Script   clc; clear all; close all; fs=5; %frequency of the sawtooth signal fm=5; %frequency of the message signal sampling_frequency = 10e3; a=0.5; % amplitide t=0:(1/sampling_frequency):1; %sampling rate of 10kHz sawtooth=1.01*a.*sawtooth(2*pi*fs*t); %generating a sawtooth wave subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,sawtooth); % plotting the sawtooth wave title('Comparator Wave'); msg=a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t); %generating message wave subplot(4,1,2); plot(t,msg); %plotting the sine message wave title('Message Signal'); for i=1:length(sawtooth) if (msg(i)>=sawtooth(i)) pwm(i)=1; %is message signal amplitude at i th sample is greater than %sawtooth wave amplitude at i th sample else pwm(i)=0; end end subplot(4,1,3); plot(t,pwm,'r'); title('PWM'); axis([0 1 0 1.1]); %to keep the pwm visible during plotting. %% Demodulation % Demodulation: Measure the pulse width to reconstruct the signal demodulated_signal = zeros(size(msg)); for i =
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MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...   MATLAB Script for  BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK %Written by Salim Wireless %Visit www.salimwireless.com for study materials on wireless communication %or, if you want to learn how to code in MATLAB clc; clear all; close all; EbN0=-4:1:24; % Signal to Noise Ratio per Bit (in dB) EbN0ratio=10.^(EbN0/10); % Converted into ratio colors={'k-*','r-h','g-o','c-s','m-s','y-*','k-p','b:s','m:d','g:p'}; index=1; %BPSK BPSK_BER = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0ratio)); plotHandle=plot(EbN0,log10(BPSK_BER),char(colors(index))); set(plotHandle,'LineWidth',1.7); hold on; index=index+1; %M-PSK m=2:1:5; M=2.^m; for i=M, k=log2(i); PSK_BER = 1/k*erfc(sqrt(EbN0ratio*k)*sin(pi/i)); plotHandle=plot
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Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation This article will primarily discuss constellation diagrams, as well as what constellation diagrams tell us and the significance of constellation diagrams. Constellation diagrams can often demonstrate how the amplitude and phase of signals or symbols differ. These two characteristics lessen the interference between two signals or symbols. Figure 1: Constellation diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK The constellation points for ASK, PSK, and FSK [↗] are located in a different pattern, and the distances between the constellation points vary. According to the above diagram, the distance between ASK constellation points is (√Eb -0) = √Eb (where Eb stands for energy per bit). From the above figure, you can also see the distances between constellation points for PSK and FSK are 2√Eb and √(2Eb), respectively. In a constellation diagram, if the distance between signaling points is less, then the probability
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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... 1. What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as,  In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits)  On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels.   2. What is Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance, the signal power is twice as
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Simulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK using MATLAB Simulink

ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Simulation Simulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using MATLAB Simulink      In Simulink, we pick different components/elements from MATLAB Simulink Library. Then we connect the components and perform a particular operation.  Result A sine wave source, a pulse generator, a product block, a mux, and a scope are shown in the diagram above. The pulse generator generates the '1' and '0' bit sequences. Sine wave sources produce a specific amplitude and frequency. The scope displays the modulated signal as well as the original bit sequence created by the pulse generator. Mux is a tool for displaying both modulated and unmodulated signals at the same time. The result section shows that binary '1' is modulated by a certain sine wave amplitude of 1 Volt, and binary '0' is modulated by zero amplitude. Simulation of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using MATLAB Simulink   Result The diagram above shows t
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