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It's an Electronic Communication Systems-focused technical blog. In this blog, we'll discuss Electronic communication systems, Wireless Communication, Telecommunication, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G [Read More], IoTs, MIMO, Beamforming, Millimeter wave, UWB, Microwave links, Wireless channels, Modulation techniques, GATE ESE, UGC-NET, Project / Thesis ideas [↗], Electronics industry, Programming, Web design, Short term courses, etc.



Ask your questions in the forum [↗]. We post articles about wireless communication technologies such as Wireless, 5G, UWB, Millimeter wave, Beamforming, IoTs, and MATLAB. Web design, WordPress, and other related topics are also significant components of our site.

 


Constellation Diagrams

Digital communication is complete with constellation diagrams. If you have a digital communication interview, the interviewer will ask you to draw a constellation diagram.

Ber vs. S.NR

The relationship between BER and SNR reveals how many transmitted bits from a communication system are corrupted. Did you know? Bit error rates for practical communication systems are close to 10-5 or better.




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Popular Posts

Design of CMOS Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK)

Design of CMOS Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK) A flip-flop or latch is a circuit with two stable states, used to store state information. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic and a fundamental building block in digital electronics systems, including computers and communication devices. Flip-flops and latches act as data storage elements for states, pulse counting, and synchronization of variably-timed input signals to a reference clock. Flip-flops can be transparent/opaque (latches) or clocked (synchronous, edge-triggered). Latches are level-sensitive, while flip-flops are edge-sensitive. In sequential logic, the output depends on current inputs and previous states. Fig.1 shows a sequential circuit combining a combinational block and a memory element. ...
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Q-function in BER vs SNR Calculation (with Simulation)

Q-function in BER vs. SNR Calculation In digital communications and signal processing, the Q-function plays a significant role in predicting system reliability. It allows engineers to quantify the probability that Gaussian noise will exceed a specific threshold, causing a bit error. What is the Q-function? The Q-function is a mathematical function representing the tail probability of the standard normal (Gaussian) distribution. It is the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of a standard Gaussian distribution. Q(x) = (1 / √(2Ï€)) ∫â‚“∞ e^(-t² / 2) dt The Role of the Q-function in BER vs. SNR The Q-function is the standard tool for calculating BER in systems like BPSK or QPSK over AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channels. For BPSK: In BPSK, we transmit +√E b (bit 1) and -√E b (bit 0). The decision boundary is set at 0 . If -√E b was sent, an error occurs if noise r > √...
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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a method of controlling the average power delivered by an electrical signal.   Fig: An example of PWM in an idealized inductor driven by a blue line voltage source modulated as a series of sawtooth pulses, resulting in a red line current in the inductor.    Generating a PWM Signal The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the intersection method, which requires only a sawtooth or a triangle waveform (easily generated using a simple oscillator) and a comparator. When the value of the reference signal is more than the modulation waveform, the PWM signal (magenta) is in the high state; otherwise, it is in the low state.      Duty cycle A low duty cycle equates to low power because the power is off for most of the time; the word duty cycle reflects the ratio of "on" time to the regular interval or "period" of time. The duty cycle is measured in percent, with 100% representing full o...
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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR Calculation What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figur...
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Channel Impulse Response (CIR) (with MATLAB + Simulator)

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FFT Butterfly Method Explained (with Simulations)

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AM Modulation Online Simulator

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Frequency Bands : EHF, SHF, UHF, VHF, HF, MF, LF, VLF and Their Uses

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