Skip to main content

HomePage

 

(Search any topic)


Search any topic on the whole website
  1. Modulation
  2. Signal Processing
  3. Beamforming
  4. MATLAB
  5. 5G
  6. Wireless
  7. GATE-ESE-NET
  8. Programming
  9. Telecommunication
  10. Channel Impulse Response
  11. Computer Networks
  12. MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
  13. Filters
  14. Millimeter wave
  15. Python 
  16. Constellation Diagrams
  17. BER vs SNR
  18. Electronics Industry
  19. Fourier Series and Fourier Transform
  20. Frequency bands
  21. Wireless Communication Q & A
  22. ASK FSK PSK
  23. Channel Model
  24. IoTs
  25. UWB
  26. pskmod
  27. Antenna
  28. Applications and Games
  29. C Programming
  30. Channel Estimation
  31. Equalizers
  32. Gaussian Random Variable
  33. Projects
  34. Q & A
  35. QAM
  36. Transform
  37. Fading
  38. Microwave
  39. News about 5G
  40. PAM
  41. Python Matrix Operations
  42. SSC Exam
  43. Web Design
  44. WordPress
  45. Ionospheric Communication
  46. JavaScript
  47. MATLAB Simulink
  48. Mobile & Accessories
  49. OFDM
  50. Signal Processing for 5G
  51. Analog Circuits
  52. Cell Towers
  53. Computer
  54. Digital Circuits
  55. Fourier Series
  56. HomePage
  57. Information and Coding Theory
  58. Laplace Transform
  59. MySQL
  60. Node.js
  61. Search
  62. ShareLinkF / Generate QR
  63. Z Transform

 

It's an Electronic Communication Systems-focused technical blog. In this blog, we'll discuss Electronic communication systems, Wireless Communication, Telecommunication, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G [Read More], IoTs, MIMO, Beamforming, Millimeter wave, UWB, Microwave links, Wireless channels, Modulation techniques, GATE ESE, UGC-NET, Project / Thesis ideas [↗], Electronics industry, Programming, Web design, Short term courses, etc.



Ask your questions in the forum [↗]. We post articles about wireless communication technologies such as Wireless, 5G, UWB, Millimeter wave, Beamforming, IoTs, and MATLAB. Web design, WordPress, and other related topics are also significant components of our site.

 


Constellation Diagrams

Digital communication is complete with constellation diagrams. If you have a digital communication interview, the interviewer will ask you to draw a constellation diagram.

Ber vs. S.NR

The relationship between BER and SNR reveals how many transmitted bits from a communication system are corrupted. Did you know? Bit error rates for practical communication systems are close to 10-5 or better.




People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Modulation Techniques (AM, FM, and PM)

📘 Overview 🧮 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 🧮 Online Amplitude Modulation Simulator 🧮 MATLAB Code for AM 🧮 Q & A and Summary 📚 Further Reading Amplitude Modulation (AM): The carrier signal's amplitude varies linearly with the amplitude of the message signal. An AM wave may thus be described, in the most general form, as a function of time as follows .                       When performing amplitude modulation (AM) with a carrier frequency of 100 Hz and a message frequency of 10 Hz, the resulting peak frequencies are as follows: 90 Hz (100 - 10 Hz), 100 Hz, and 110 Hz (100 + 10 Hz). Figure: Frequency Spectrums of AM Signal (Lower Sideband, Carrier, and Upper Sideband) A low-frequency message signal is modulated with a high-frequency carrier wave using a local oscillator to make communication possible. DSB, SSB, and VSB are common amplitude modulation techniques. We find a lot of bandwi...

Analog vs Digital Modulation Techniques | Advantages of Digital ...

Modulation Techniques Analog vs Digital Modulation Techniques... In the previous article, we've talked about the need for modulation and we've also talked about analog & digital modulations briefly. In this article, we'll discuss the main difference between analog and digital modulation in the case of digital modulation it takes a digital signal for modulation whereas analog modulator takes an analog signal.  Advantages of Digital Modulation over Analog Modulation Digital Modulation Techniques are Bandwidth efficient Its have good resistance against noise It can easily multiple various types of audio, voice signal As it is good noise resistant so we can expect good signal strength So, it leads high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Alternatively, it provides a high data rate or throughput Digital Modulation Techniques have better swathing capability as compared to Analog Modulation Techniques  The digital system provides better security than the a...

Shannon Limit Explained: Negative SNR, Eb/No and Channel Capacity

Understanding Negative SNR and the Shannon Limit Understanding Negative SNR and the Shannon Limit An explanation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), its behavior in decibels, and how Shannon's theorem defines the ultimate communication limit. Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Shannon’s Equation In Shannon's equation, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is defined as the signal power divided by the noise power: SNR = S / N Since both signal power and noise power are physical quantities, neither can be negative. Therefore, the SNR itself is always a positive number. However, engineers often express SNR in decibels: SNR(dB) When SNR = 1, the logarithmic value becomes: SNR(dB) = 0 When the noise power exceeds the signal power (SNR < 1), the decibel representation becomes negative. Behavior of Shannon's Capacity Equation Shannon’s channel capacity formula is: C = B log₂(1 + SNR) For SNR = 0: log₂(1 + SNR) = 0 When SNR becomes smaller (in...

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...(with Online Simulator)

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...

MATLAB Code for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation 🧮 Generating a PWM Signal in detail 🧮 Other Pulse Modulation Techniques (e.g., PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM) 🧮 Simulation results for comparison of PAM, PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM 📚 Further Reading   MATLAB Code for Analog Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) clc; clear all; close all; fs=30; %frequency of the sawtooth signal fm=3; %frequency of the message signal sampling_frequency = 10e3; a=0.5; % amplitide t=0:(1/sampling_frequency):1; %sampling rate of 10kHz sawtooth=2*a.*sawtooth(2*pi*fs*t); %generating a sawtooth wave subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,sawtooth); % plotting the sawtooth wave title('Comparator Wave'); msg=a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t); %generating message wave subplot(4,1,2); plot(t,msg); %plotting the sine message wave title('Message Signal'); for i=1:length(sawtooth) if (msg(i)>=sawtooth(i)) pwm(i)=1; %is message signal amplitude at i th sample is greater than ...

Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK (MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator for calculating BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating theoretical BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating simulated BER 📚 Further Reading BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Simulator for calculating BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary PSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR Curves MATLAB Code for Theoretical BER % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % SNR va...