Skip to main content

Hybrid Beamforming | Page 2



clear all; close all; clc;

Nt = 64;
Nr = 16;
NtRF = 4;
NrRF = 4;


At both the transmitter and receiver ends, there are four RF chains only for a hybrid beamforming system. Alternatively, every 16 antenna elements on the transmitter side is connected to a single RF chain, while every 4 antenna elements on the receiver side are connected to a single RF chain. Mixers, amplifiers, and other critical wireless communication components make up the RF chain.

Now, in the case of hybrid beamforming, there can be four different data streams between the transmitter and receiver, as both sides have four RF chains, each of which is accountable for a separate data stream.




For Analog Beamforming:

All 64 Tx antenna elements create a beam or focus the resultant correlated signal spread from adjacent antennas to a particular direction. Similarly, it may be used for beam search in multiple directions toward receiver points. The exact same process is repeated on the receiver side. Then they find the best beam between them and establish a connection.


For Digital Beamforming:

Digital beamforming is a traditional and widely acceptable beamforming method. It enables simultaneous data streams between transmitters and receivers and cancels interferences. We've already published an in-depth article on digital beamforming. For this discussion, all antenna elements on both the Tx and Rx sides have an RF chain. For extensive MIMO systems, this costs a lot of power and complicates signal processing. As a result, hybrid beamforming is explored.


For hybrid beamforming:

Instead of employing one RF chain per antenna element, we used only two RF chains on both the transmitter and receiver sides. But the crucial point is that we're getting the same performance as digital beamforming with fewer RF chains. This system is less complex and economical too.


Hybrid Beamforming to Digital Beamforming:

The principles of increasing data speed are sending many simultaneous or multiplexed data streams to the receiver or broadcasting a stronger signal to the receiver. But more frequently, we observe interferences between many data streams. When retrieving the original password, however, this approach makes the receiver circuitry rather complicated. In hybrid beamforming, analog (using a large array antenna for increased gain or SNR) and digital beamforming are used (lower-dimensional precoding circuitry employing few RF chains, unlike digital beamforming).



# mimo beamforming  # analog beamforming

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...

Channel Impulse Response (CIR)

📘 Overview & Theory 📘 How CIR Affects the Signal 🧮 Online Channel Impulse Response Simulator 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading What is the Channel Impulse Response (CIR)? The Channel Impulse Response (CIR) is a concept primarily used in the field of telecommunications and signal processing. It provides information about how a communication channel responds to an impulse signal. It describes the behavior of a communication channel in response to an impulse signal. In signal processing, an impulse signal has zero amplitude at all other times and amplitude ∞ at time 0 for the signal. Using a Dirac Delta function, we can approximate this. Fig: Dirac Delta Function The result of this calculation is that all frequencies are responded to equally by δ(t) . This is crucial since we never know which frequenci...

Wireless Communication Interview Questions | Page 2

Wireless Communication Interview Questions Page 1 | Page 2| Page 3| Page 4| Page 5   Digital Communication (Modulation Techniques, etc.) Importance of digital communication in competitive exams and core industries Q. What is coherence bandwidth? A. See the answer Q. What is flat fading and slow fading? A. See the answer . Q. What is a constellation diagram? Q. One application of QAM A. 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Q. Can you draw a constellation diagram of 4QPSK, BPSK, 16 QAM, etc. A.  Click here Q. Which modulation technique will you choose when the channel is extremely noisy, BPSK or 16 QAM? A. BPSK. PSK is less sensitive to noise as compared to Amplitude Modulation. We know QAM is a combination of Amplitude Modulation and PSK. Go through the chapter on  "Modulation Techniques" . Q.  Real-life application of QPSK modulation and demodulation Q. What is  OFDM?  Why do we use it? Q. What is the Cyclic prefix in OFDM?   Q. In a c...

Q-function in BER vs SNR Calculation

Q-function in BER vs. SNR Calculation In the context of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) calculations, the Q-function plays a significant role, especially in digital communications and signal processing . What is the Q-function? The Q-function is a mathematical function that represents the tail probability of the standard normal distribution. Specifically, it is defined as: Q(x) = (1 / sqrt(2Ī€)) ∫ₓ∞ e^(-t² / 2) dt In simpler terms, the Q-function gives the probability that a standard normal random variable exceeds a value x . This is closely related to the complementary cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The Role of the Q-function in BER vs. SNR The Q-function is widely used in the calculation of the Bit Error Rate (BER) in communication systems, particularly in systems like Binary Phase Shift Ke...

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...

Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading

📘 Introduction, AWGN, and Rayleigh Fading 🧮 Simulator for the effect of AWGN and Rayleigh Fading on a BPSK Signal 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) in Wireless Channels , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way. Fig: Rayleigh Fading due to multi-paths Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = h*x + n ... (i) Symbol '*' represents convolution. The transmitted signal x is multiplied by the channel coeffic...

Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 Simulator for GMSK 🧮 MSK and GMSK: Understanding the Relationship 🧮 MATLAB Code for GMSK 📚 Simulation Results for GMSK 📚 Q & A and Summary 📚 Further Reading Dive into the fascinating world of GMSK modulation, where continuous phase modulation and spectral efficiency come together for robust communication systems! Core Process of GMSK Modulation Phase Accumulation (Integration of Filtered Signal) After applying Gaussian filtering to the Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) signal, we integrate the smoothed NRZ signal over time to produce a continuous phase signal: θ(t) = ∫ 0 t m filtered (Ī„) dĪ„ This integration is crucial for avoiding abrupt phase transitions, ensuring smooth and continuous phase changes. Phase Modulation The next step involves using the phase signal to modulate a...