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Periodogram in MATLAB

Power Spectral Density Estimation Using the Periodogram Step 1: Signal Representation Let the signal be x[n] , where: n = 0, 1, ..., N-1 (discrete-time indices), N is the total number of samples. Step 2: Compute the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) The DTFT of x[n] is: X(f) = ∑ x[n] e -j2Ï€fn For practical computation, the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is used: X[k] = ∑ x[n] e -j(2Ï€/N)kn , k = 0, 1, ..., N-1 k represents discrete frequency bins, f_k = k/N * f_s , where f_s is the sampling frequency. Step 3: Compute Power Spectral Density (PSD) The periodogram estimates the PSD as: S_x(f_k) = (1/N) |X[k]|² S_x(f_k) ...
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Constellation Diagram of ASK in Detail

A binary bit '1' is assigned a power level of E b \sqrt{E_b}  (or energy E b E_b ), while a binary bit '0' is assigned zero power (or no energy).   Simulator for Binary ASK Constellation Diagram SNR (dB): 15 Run Simulation Noisy Modulated Signal (ASK) Original Modulated Signal (ASK) Energy per bit (Eb) (Tb = bit duration): We know that all periodic signals are power signals. Now we’ll find the energy of ASK for the transmission of binary ‘1’. E b = ∫ 0 Tb (A c .cos(2П.f c .t)) 2 dt = ∫ 0 Tb (A c ) 2 .cos 2 (2П.f c .t) dt Using the identity cos 2 x = (1 + cos(2x))/2: = ∫ 0 Tb ((A c ) 2 /2)(1 + cos(4П.f c .t)) dt ...
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MATLAB Code for Rms Delay Spread

RMS delay spread is crucial when you need to know how much the signal is dispersed in time due to multipath propagation, the spread (variance) around the average. In high-data-rate systems like LTE, 5G, or Wi-Fi, even small time dispersions can cause ISI. RMS delay spread is directly related to the amount of ISI in such systems. RMS Delay Spread [↗] Delay Spread Calculator Enter delays (ns) separated by commas: Enter powers (dB) separated by commas: Calculate   The above calculator Converts Power to Linear Scale: It correctly converts the power values from decibels (dB) to a linear scale. Calculates Mean Delay: It accurately computes the mean excess delay, which is the first moment of the power delay profile. Calculates RMS Delay Spread: It correctly calculates the RMS delay spread, defined as the square root of the second central moment of the power delay profile.   MATLAB Code  clc...
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Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

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MATLAB Code for ASK, FSK, and PSK

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UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

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Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

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