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Antennas in Communication Systems Main Page

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BER vs SNR Main Page
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Constellation Diagrams Main Page
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Modulation Techniques Main Page
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Alamouti's Scheme for 2×2 MIMO
Alamouti Scheme - Theoretical BER vs SNR
Antenna Gain Combining Methods
Autocorrelation
±3dB Frequency Response of Bandpass Filter
BER vs SNR MATLAB Code for M-PSK, M-QAM
BER vs SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK
BER vs SNR from CIR
Beamforming in MIMO / Massive MIMO
Mathematical Aspects of Beamforming
Beam Steering / Analog Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming (MATLAB)
C Programming
Channel Estimation using DFE
Chirp Signal
Generation of CIR
Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time
All Constellation Diagrams
ASK, FSK, PSK
M-ary PSK
M-ary QAM
Filters Overview
Low Pass, High Pass, Bandpass, FIR, IIR
Order of Filters
Numerator and Denominator of Filter
Raise-Cosine Filter
Low-pass & High-pass Filters in MATLAB
FFT Magnitude & Phase Spectrum
FFT Plot of a Signal
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Fourier Transform of a Signal
Frequency Bands | EHF | SHF | UHF | VHF | HF | MF | LF | VLF
QPSK
Microwave Link Communication
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Wide Sense Stationary Signal (WSS)

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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit f...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator! • Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulat...

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers with Solutions

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2022 PYQ ⬇️ Download Papers and Solutions 📋 Exam Pattern 💡 Preparation Tips ❓ FAQs 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading UGC-NET (Electronics Science, Subject code: 88) Subject_Code : 88; Department : Electronic Science; 📂 View All Question Papers Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [June 2025] A. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2025] with full explanation Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [December 2024] A. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2024] ...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Constellation Diagrams: ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive guide to signal space representation, including interactive simulators and MATLAB implementations. 📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator ⚖️ Theory Q-function 📚 Resources 📂 Other Topics: M-ary PSK & QAM Diagrams ▼ 🧮 Simulator for M-ary PSK Constellation 🧮 Simulator for M-ary QAM Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb (On the y-axis, the phas...

1G to 5G Technology - Evolution of Wireless Generations

Cellular wireless evolution Generation Frequency band PHY features Data rate Spectral Eff. (bps/Hz) 1G 850 MHz FDMA, FM N/A N/A 2G 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz TDMA/CDMA, GMSK/QPSK, FEC, PC 10 Kbps < 1 3G 1.8–2.5 GHz CDMA, QAM 1–40 Mbps 1–8 4G 2–8 GHz OFDMA, SC-FDMA, QAM, MIMO-OFDM 100–600 Mbps 15 5G 1–6 GHz mm wave (26–28 GHz) < 1 GHz (massive IoT) visible light? massive MIMO, beamforming D2D, Full duplex, NOMA LDPC and Polar codes OFDM & variants (adapted to extremes?) multi-Gbps several tens Waveform design is the major change between the generations Mobile Wireless Generations Specifications 1G Voice, Analog traffic, FDMA 2G Voice, SMS, CS data ...

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc (MATLAB + Simulator)

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...

MATLAB Code for ASK, FSK, and PSK (with Online Simulator)

MATLAB Code for ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive implementation of digital modulation and demodulation techniques with simulation results. 📘 Theory 📡 ASK Code 📶 FSK Code 🎚️ PSK Code 🕹️ Simulator 📚 Further Reading Amplitude Shift Frequency Shift Phase Shift Live Simulator ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Code MATLAB Code for ASK Modulation and Demodulation COPY % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear all; close all; % Parameters Tb = 1; fc = 10; N_bits = 10; Fs = 100 * fc; Ts = 1/Fs; samples_per_bit = Fs * Tb; rng(10); binar...

Q-function in BER vs SNR Calculation

Q-function in BER vs. SNR Calculation In the context of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) calculations, the Q-function plays a significant role, especially in digital communications and signal processing . What is the Q-function? The Q-function is a mathematical function that represents the tail probability of the standard normal (Gaussian) distribution. Specifically, it is defined as: Q(x) = (1 / sqrt(2π)) ∫ₓ∞ e^(-t² / 2) dt In simpler terms, the Q-function gives the probability that a standard normal random variable exceeds a value x . It is the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the standard Gaussian distribution. The Role of the Q-function in BER vs. SNR The Q-function is the standard tool for calculating the Bit Error Rate (BER) in digital communication systems like Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) , where noise follows a Gaussian dis...

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