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BER vs SNR Main Page
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Modulation Techniques Main Page
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Alamouti's Scheme for 2×2 MIMO
Alamouti Scheme - Theoretical BER vs SNR
Antenna Gain Combining Methods
Autocorrelation
±3dB Frequency Response of Bandpass Filter
BER vs SNR MATLAB Code for M-PSK, M-QAM
BER vs SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK
BER vs SNR from CIR
Beamforming in MIMO / Massive MIMO
Mathematical Aspects of Beamforming
Beam Steering / Analog Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming (MATLAB)
C Programming
Channel Estimation using DFE
Chirp Signal
Generation of CIR
Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time
All Constellation Diagrams
ASK, FSK, PSK
M-ary PSK
M-ary QAM
Filters Overview
Low Pass, High Pass, Bandpass, FIR, IIR
Order of Filters
Numerator and Denominator of Filter
Raise-Cosine Filter
Low-pass & High-pass Filters in MATLAB
FFT Magnitude & Phase Spectrum
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Fourier Transform of a Signal
Frequency Bands | EHF | SHF | UHF | VHF | HF | MF | LF | VLF
QPSK
Microwave Link Communication
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Wide Sense Stationary Signal (WSS)

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Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator! • Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulator ...

Rayleigh vs Rician Fading (with MATLAB + Simulator)

In Rayleigh fading , the channel coefficients tend to have a Rayleigh distribution, which is characterized by a random phase and magnitude with an exponential distribution. This means the magnitude of the channel coefficient follows an exponential distribution with a mean of 1. In Rician fading , there is a dominant line-of-sight component in addition to the scattered components. The channel coefficients in Rician fading can indeed tend towards 1, especially when the line-of-sight component is strong. When the line-of-sight component dominates, the Rician fading channel behaves more deterministically, and the channel coefficients may tend towards the value of the line-of-sight component, which could be close to 1. MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; % Define parameters numSamples = 1000; % Number of samples K_factor = 5; % K-factor for Rician fading SNR_dB = 20; % Signal-to-noise ratio (in dB) % Generate complex Gaussian random variable for Rayleigh fading channel h_r...

Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK (MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator 💻 Theoretical Code 📊 Simulated Code 📚 Resources Overview BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 🚀 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 🌊 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Bit Error Rate (BER) Equations BER formulas for ASK, FSK, and PSK modulation schemes. ASK BER = 0.5 × erfc(0.5 × √SNR) FSK BER = 0.5 × erfc(√(SNR / 2)) PSK BER = 0.5 × erfc(√SNR) erfc / Q-function (Click here) Live BER S...

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2022 PYQ 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading UGC-NET (Electronics Science, Subject code: 88) Subject_Code : 88; Department : Electronic Science; 📂 View All Question Papers Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [June 2025] A. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2025] with full explanation Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [December 2024] A. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2024] Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [Aug 2024] A. UGC Net Electronic Scien...

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit for a...

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...(with Online Simulator)

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; snr_db = -5:2:25; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) ber_psk_results(i, :) = berawgn(snr_db, 'psk', psk_orders(i), 'nondiff'); end for i = 1:length(qam_orders) ber_qam_results(i, :) = berawgn(snr_db, 'qam', qam_orders(i)); end figure; semilogy(snr_db, ber_psk_results(1, :), 'o-', 'LineWidth', 1.5, 'DisplayName', 'BPSK'); hold on; for i = 2:length(psk_orders) semilogy(snr_db, ber_psk_results(i, :), 'o-', 'DisplayName', sprintf('%d-PSK', psk_orde...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Constellation Diagrams: ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive guide to signal space representation, including interactive simulators and MATLAB implementations. 📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator ⚖️ Theory 📚 Resources Definitions Constellation Tool Key Points MATLAB Code 📂 Other Topics: M-ary PSK & QAM Diagrams ▼ 🧮 Simulator for M-ary PSK Constellation 🧮 Simulator for M-ary QAM Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation Transmits one...

MIMO, massive MIMO, and Beamforming

Introduction to MIMO Systems The term Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) refers to wireless communication systems that use multiple antennas at both the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). MIMO is a core technology in modern standards such as Wi-Fi 4/5/6, LTE, and 5G . The main purpose of MIMO is to increase channel capacity and improve link reliability by transmitting multiple independent data streams over the same frequency band. These simultaneous data streams are spatially multiplexed and transmitted through distinct propagation paths. When properly decoded, this orthogonal multiplexing minimizes interference among data streams and enhances throughput. In Massive MIMO —a key concept in 5G systems—hundreds of antennas are used at the base station to achieve very high capacity and to enable beamforming or directional transmission. 1. Essential Characteristics of a MIMO System 1.1 Spatial Division Multiple Access (SD...

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