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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
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Constellation Diagram of ASK in Detail

A binary bit '1' is assigned a power level of E b \sqrt{E_b}  (or energy E b E_b ), while a binary bit '0' is assigned zero power (or no energy).   Simulator for Binary ASK Constellation Diagram SNR (dB): 15 Run Simulation Noisy Modulated Signal (ASK) Original Modulated Signal (ASK) Energy per bit (Eb) (Tb = bit duration): We know that all periodic signals are power signals. Now we’ll find the energy of ASK for the transmission of binary ‘1’. E b = ∫ 0 Tb (A c .cos(2П.f c .t)) 2 dt = ∫ 0 Tb (A c ) 2 .cos 2 (2П.f c .t) dt Using the identity cos 2 x = (1 + cos(2x))/2: = ∫ 0 Tb ((A c ) 2 /2)(1 + cos(4П.f c .t)) dt ...
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Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time

🧮 Coherence Bandwidth 🧮 Coherence Time 🧮 MATLAB Code s 📚 Further Reading For Doppler Delay or Multi-path Delay Coherence time T coh ∝ 1 / v max (For slow fading, coherence time T coh is greater than the signaling interval.) Coherence bandwidth W coh ∝ 1 / Ï„ max (For frequency-flat fading, coherence bandwidth W coh is greater than the signaling bandwidth.) Where: T coh = coherence time W coh = coherence bandwidth v max = maximum Doppler frequency (or maximum Doppler shift) Ï„ max = maximum excess delay (maximum time delay spread) Notes: The notation v max −1 and Ï„ max −1 indicate inverse proportionality. Doppler spread refers to the range of frequency shifts caused by relative motion, determining T coh . Delay spread (or multipath delay spread) determines W coh . Frequency-flat fading occurs when W coh is greater than the signaling bandwidth. Coherence Bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is...
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Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
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Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
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MATLAB Code for ASK, FSK, and PSK

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Code for ASK 🧮 MATLAB Code for FSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for PSK 🧮 Simulator for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Modulations 📚 Further Reading ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Code MATLAB Code for ASK Modulation and Demodulation % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com % Clear previous data and plots clc; clear all; close all; % Parameters Tb = 1; % Bit duration (s) fc = 10; % Carrier frequency (Hz) N_bits = 10; % Number of bits Fs = 100 * fc; % Sampling frequency (ensure at least 2*fc, more for better representation) Ts = 1/Fs; % Sampling interval samples_per_bit = Fs * Tb; % Number of samples per bit duration % Generate random binary data rng(10); % Set random seed for reproducibility binary_data = randi([0, 1], 1, N_bits); % Generate random binary data (0 or 1) % Initialize arrays for continuous signals t_overall = 0:Ts:(N_bits...
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Channel Impulse Response (CIR)

📘 Overview & Theory 📘 How CIR Affects the Signal 🧮 Online Channel Impulse Response Simulator 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading What is the Channel Impulse Response (CIR)? The Channel Impulse Response (CIR) is a concept primarily used in the field of telecommunications and signal processing. It provides information about how a communication channel responds to an impulse signal. It describes the behavior of a communication channel in response to an impulse signal. In signal processing, an impulse signal has zero amplitude at all other times and amplitude ∞ at time 0 for the signal. Using a Dirac Delta function, we can approximate this. Fig: Dirac Delta Function The result of this calculation is that all frequencies are responded to equally by δ(t) . This is crucial since we never know which frequenci...
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UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2022: Previous Year Question Papers ... UGC-NET (Electronics Science, Subject code: 88) UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2024]  UGC Net Paper 1 With Answer Key Download Pdf [Sep 2024] with full explanation UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [Sep 2024] UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2023] with full explanation UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2023] UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2022] UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2022] UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2021] UGC Net Electronic Science Question With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2020] ...
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