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4G, 5G, and 6G Main Page

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Antennas in Communication Systems Main Page

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BER vs SNR Main Page
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Constellation Diagrams Main Page
Computer Networks Main Page

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Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) Main Page

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Fourier Series and Fourier Transform Main Page
Fading Main Page
Filters Main Page
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Frequency Bands Main Page
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Information and Coding Theory Main Page
Ionospheric Communication
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Internet Communication | TCP/IP, Modem, Switch, Router

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Modulation Techniques Main Page
Massive MIMO Main Page
MATLAB Codes (for Wireless Communication & Signal Processing) Main Page
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Online Signal Processing Simulations Main Page
OFDM Main Page
OFDM Transmission in Practical LTE and 5G Systems

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Project, Dissertation, Thesis, and Software Development Topics Main Page

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Signal Processing Main Page
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FastAPI Tutorial

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Telecommunication Main Page

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Wireless Communication Main Page

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Alamouti's Scheme for 2×2 MIMO
Alamouti Scheme - Theoretical BER vs SNR
Antenna Gain Combining Methods
Autocorrelation
±3dB Frequency Response of Bandpass Filter
BER vs SNR MATLAB Code for M-PSK, M-QAM
BER vs SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK
BER vs SNR from CIR
Beamforming in MIMO / Massive MIMO
Mathematical Aspects of Beamforming
Beam Steering / Analog Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming (MATLAB)
C Programming
Channel Estimation using DFE
Chirp Signal
Generation of CIR
Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time
All Constellation Diagrams
ASK, FSK, PSK
M-ary PSK
M-ary QAM
Filters Overview
Low Pass, High Pass, Bandpass, FIR, IIR
Order of Filters
Numerator and Denominator of Filter
Raise-Cosine Filter
Low-pass & High-pass Filters in MATLAB
FFT Magnitude & Phase Spectrum
FFT Plot of a Signal
FFT Step Size
Fourier Transform of a Signal
Frequency Bands | EHF | SHF | UHF | VHF | HF | MF | LF | VLF
QPSK
Microwave Link Communication
Forum
Trending Post: Pickering Microwave Multiplexers for 5G
Wide Sense Stationary Signal (WSS)

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Theoretical BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK with MATLAB Code + Simulator

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Bit Error Rate (BER) Equations In ASK, noise directly affects the signal amplitude, making it the most vulnerable since the data is carried in amplitude changes. In FSK, data is represented by frequency variations, and because noise typically impacts amplitude more than frequency, FSK is more robust than ASK. In PSK, data is encoded in the signal phase, and BPSK specifically uses 180-degree phase shifts, creating the greatest separation between signal points and therefore achieving the lowest bit error rate (BER) for the same power level. BER formulas for ASK, FSK, and PSK modulation schemes. ASK BER = 0.5 × erfc(0.5 × √SNR) FSK BER = 0.5 × erfc(√(SNR / 2)) PSK BER = 0.5 × erfc(√SNR) Theoretical BER ...

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit for a...

Simulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK using MATLAB Simulink (with Online Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 How to use MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulation of ASK using MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulation of FSK using MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulation of PSK using MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Digital Signal Processing Simulator 📚 Further Reading ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Simulation Simulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using MATLAB Simulink In Simulink, we pick different components/elements from MATLAB Simulink Library. Then we connect the components and perform a particular operation. Result A sine wave source, a pulse generator, a product block, a mux, and a scope are shown in the diagram above. The pulse generator generates the '1' and '0' bit sequences. Sine wave sources produce a specific amplitude and frequency. The scope displays the modulated signal as well as the original bit sequence created by the pulse generator. Mux i...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator! • Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Interactive Modulation Simulators Visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics Simulator for Binary ASK Modulation Digital Message Bits Carrier Freq (Hz) Sampl...

OFDM Waveform with MATLAB Code (with Simulator)

In OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) , we transmit multiple orthogonal subcarriers simultaneously. Since the subcarriers are orthogonal , they do not interfere with each other, which is one of the main advantages of OFDM. Practically, OFDM converts a wideband signal into multiple narrowband orthogonal subcarriers. For typical wireless communication, if the signal bandwidth (or symbol duration) exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the channel, the signal experiences frequency-selective fading . Fading distorts the signal, making it difficult to recover the original information. By using OFDM, we transmit the same wideband signal across multiple orthogonal narrowband subcarriers, reducing the effect of fading. For example, if we want to transmit a signal of bandwidth 1024 kHz , we can divide it into N = 8 subcarriers . Each subcarrier is then spaced by: Δf = Total Bandwidth N = 1024 8 kHz...

MATLAB Code for Constellation Diagram of QAM configurations such as 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256-QAM

📘 Overview of QAM 🧮 4-QAM MATLAB 🧮 16-QAM MATLAB 🚀 Online Simulator 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams... ▼ 🧮 MATLAB Code for 4-QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for 16-QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for m-ary QAM 🧮 Simulator for m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for m-ary QAM 🧮 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Overview of QAM One of the best-performing modulation techniques is QAM [↗] . Here, we modulate the symbols by varying the carrier signal's amplitude and phase in response to the variation in the message signal (or voltage variation). So, we may say that QAM is a combination of phase and amplitude modulation. Additionally, it performs better than ASK or PSK [↗] . In fact, any constellation for any type of modulatio...

How to use MATLAB Simulink

Introduction to MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Simulink is a popular add-on of MATLAB. Here, you can use different blocks like modulator, demodulator, AWGN channel, etc. And you can do experiments on your own. Steps to Get Started 1. Go to the 'Simulink' tab at the top navbar of MATLAB. If not found, click on the add-on tab, search 'Simulink,' and then click on it to add. 2. Once you installed the simulation, click the 'new' tap at the top left corner. 3. Then, search the required blocks in the 'Simulink library.' Then, drag it to the editor space. 4. You can double-click on the blocks to see the input parameters. 5. Then, connect the blocks by dragging a line from one block's output terminal to another block's input. 6. If the connection is complete, click the 'run' tab in the middle of the top navbar. 7. After clicking on the run ...

FastAPI Static Files – Overview

FastAPI Static Files Often, a web application needs to include resources that do not change, even when dynamic data is rendered. These resources are called static assets . Examples of static files include: Images ( .png , .jpg ) JavaScript files ( .js ) Stylesheets ( .css ) Installing Required Library To handle static files in FastAPI, you need the aiofiles library. pip install aiofiles Mounting Static Files FastAPI uses the StaticFiles class to serve static content. You mount a folder (usually named static ) so that all files inside it can be accessed via a URL. from fastapi import FastAPI from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles app = FastAPI() app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static") Example 1: Using an Image Place an image file (for example, fa-logo.png ) inside the static folder. main.py from fastapi import FastAPI, Request from fastapi.responses import HTMLRespon...

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