Skip to main content

Frequency Bands : EHF, SHF, UHF, VHF, HF, MF, LF, VLF and Their Uses


Frequency Bands and Their Uses

1. Extremely High Frequency (EHF) 30 - 300 GHz

Uses

2. Super High Frequency (SHF) 3 - 30 GHz

Uses

3. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300 - 3000 MHz

Uses

  • Satellite Communication
  • Television
  • Surveillance
  • Navigation aids

Also, read important wireless communication terms

4. Very High Frequency (VHF) 30 - 300 MHz

Uses

  • Television
  • FM broadcast
  • Navigation aids
  • Air traffic control

5. High Frequency (HF) 3 - 30 MHz

Uses

  • Telephone
  • Telegram and Facsimile
  • Ship to coast / ship to aircraft communication
  • Amateur radio

6. Medium Frequency (MF) 300 - 3000 KHz

Uses

  • Coast guard communication
  • Direction finding
  • AM broadcasting
  • Maritime radio

7. Low Frequency (LF) 30 - 300 KHz

Uses

  • Radio beacons
  • Navigational aids

8. Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3 - 30 KHz

Uses

  • Navigation
  • SONAR

Some Important Questions about Different Frequency Bands

Q. What is -3dB frequency response or -3dB bandwidth?

A. At the circuit level, the phrase -3dB frequency response is frequently used. In short, a -3dB frequency response indicates that the signal's power has decreased to half of what it was initially. The frequency at which the output gain is lowered to 70.71% of its highest value is defined by these -3dB corner frequency points. Then, we can rightly state that the frequency at which the system gain has decreased to 0.707 of its maximum value is at the -3dB point. [Read More]

Further Reading

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
Read more

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
Read more

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Read more

Q-function in BER vs SNR Calculation

Q-function in BER vs. SNR Calculation In the context of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) calculations, the Q-function plays a significant role, especially in digital communications and signal processing . What is the Q-function? The Q-function is a mathematical function that represents the tail probability of the standard normal distribution. Specifically, it is defined as: Q(x) = (1 / sqrt(2Ï€)) ∫â‚“∞ e^(-t² / 2) dt In simpler terms, the Q-function gives the probability that a standard normal random variable exceeds a value x . This is closely related to the complementary cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The Role of the Q-function in BER vs. SNR The Q-function is widely used in the calculation of the Bit Error Rate (BER) in communication systems, particularly in systems like Binary Phase Shift Ke...
Read more

Theoretical BER vs SNR for m-ary PSK and QAM

Relationship Between Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) The relationship between Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a fundamental concept in digital communication systems. Here’s a detailed explanation: BER (Bit Error Rate): The ratio of the number of bits incorrectly received to the total number of bits transmitted. It measures the quality of the communication link. SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio): The ratio of the signal power to the noise power, indicating how much the signal is corrupted by noise. Relationship The BER typically decreases as the SNR increases. This relationship helps evaluate the performance of various modulation schemes. BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) Simple and robust. BER in AWGN channel: BER = 0.5 × erfc(√SNR) Performs well at low SNR. QPSK (Quadrature...
Read more

Wiener Filter Theory: Equations, Error Signal, and MSE

  Assuming known stationary signal and noise spectra and additive noise, the Wiener filter is a filter used in signal processing to provide an estimate of a desired or target random process through linear time-invariant (LTI) filtering of an observed noisy process. The mean square error between the intended process and the estimated random process is reduced by the Wiener filter. Fig: Block diagram view of the FIR Wiener filter for discrete series. An input signal x[n] is convolved with the Wiener filter g[n] and the result is compared to a reference signal s[n] to obtain the filtering error e[n]. In the big picture, the signal is attenuated and added with noise, then the signal is passed through a Wiener filter. And the function of the Wiener filter is to minimize the mean square error between the filter output of the received signal and the reference signal by adjusting the Wiener filter tap coefficient.   Description...
Read more

MATLAB code for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Demodulation

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 Quantization in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Digital data 🧮 Other Pulse Modulation Techniques (e.g., PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM) 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation clc; close all; clear all; fm=input('Enter the message frequency (in Hz): '); fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency (in Hz): '); L=input('Enter the number of the quantization levels: '); n = log2(L); t=0:1/fs:1; % fs nuber of samples have tobe selected s=8*sin(2*pi*fm*t); subplot(3,1,1); t=0:1/(length(s)-1):1; plot(t,s); title('Analog Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(t,s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->'); % Quantization Process vmax=8; vmin=-vmax; %to quanti...
Read more

Wide Sense Stationary Signal (WSS)

Q & A and Summary Stationary and Wide Sense Stationary Process A stochastic process {…, X t-1 , X t , X t+1 , X t+2 , …} consisting of random variables indexed by time index t is a time series. The stochastic behavior of {X t } is determined by specifying the probability density or mass functions (pdf’s): p(x t1 , x t2 , x t3 , …, x tm ) for all finite collections of time indexes {(t 1 , t 2 , …, t m ), m < ∞} i.e., all finite-dimensional distributions of {X t }. A time series {X t } is strictly stationary if p(t 1 + Ï„, t 2 + Ï„, …, t m + Ï„) = p(t 1 , t 2 , …, t m ) , ∀Ï„, ∀m, ∀(t 1 , t 2 , …, t m ) . Where p(t 1 + Ï„, t 2 + Ï„, …, t m + Ï„) represents the cumulative distribution function of the unconditional (i.e., with no reference to any particular starting value) joint distribution. A process {X t } is said to be strictly stationary or strict-sense stationary if Ï„ doesn’t affect the function p. Thus, p is not a function of time. A time series {X t } ...
Read more