Skip to main content

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK with MATLAB Code + Simulator

📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
Read more

Fading : Slow & Fast and Large & Small Scale Fading (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview 📘 LARGE SCALE FADING 📘 SMALL SCALE FADING 📘 SLOW FADING 📘 FAST FADING 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading LARGE SCALE FADING The term 'Large scale fading' is used to describe variations in received signal power over a long distance, usually just considering shadowing.  Assume that a transmitter (say, a cell tower) and a receiver  (say, your smartphone) are in constant communication. Take into account the fact that you are in a moving vehicle. An obstacle, such as a tall building, comes between your cell tower and your vehicle's line of sight (LOS) path. Then you'll notice a decline in the power of your received signal on the spectrogram. Large-scale fading is the term for this type of phenomenon. SMALL SCALE FADING  Small scale fading is a term that describes rapid fluctuations in the received signal power on a small time scale. This includes multipath propagation effects as well as movement-induced Doppler fr...
Read more

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
Read more

Theoretical BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK with MATLAB Code + Simulator

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Theoretical BER vs SNR for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) for binary ASK depends on how binary bits are mapped to signal amplitudes. For typical cases: If bits are mapped to 1 and -1, the BER is: BER = Q(√(2 × SNR)) If bits are mapped to 0 and 1, the BER becomes: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Where: Q(x) is the Q-function: Q(x) = 0.5 × erfc(x / √2) SNR : Signal-to-Noise Ratio N₀ : Noise Power Spectral Density Understanding the Q-Function and BER for ASK Bit '0' transmits noise only Bit '1' transmits signal (1 + noise) Receiver decision threshold is 0.5 BER is given by: P b = Q(0.5 / σ) , where σ = √(N₀ / 2) Using SNR = (0.5)² / N₀, we get: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Theoretical BER vs ...
Read more

DFTs-OFDM vs OFDM: Why DFT-Spread OFDM Reduces PAPR Effectively (with MATLAB Code)

DFT-spread OFDM (DFTs-OFDM) has lower Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) because it "spreads" the data in the frequency domain before applying IFFT, making the time-domain signal behave more like a single-carrier signal rather than a multi-carrier one like OFDM. Deeper Explanation: Aspect OFDM DFTs-OFDM Signal Type Multi-carrier Single-carrier-like Process IFFT of QAM directly QAM → DFT → IFFT PAPR Level High (due to many carriers adding up constructively) Low (less fluctuation in amplitude) Why PAPR is High Subcarriers can add in phase, causing spikes DFT "pre-spreads" data, smoothing it Used in Wi-Fi, LTE downlink LTE uplink (as SC-FDMA) In OFDM, all subcarriers can...
Read more

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Read more

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc (MATLAB + Simulator)

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...
Read more

Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK (MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator for calculating BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating theoretical BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating simulated BER 📚 Further Reading BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Simulator for calculating BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary PSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR Curves MATLAB Code for Theoretical BER % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % SNR va...
Read more