Skip to main content
Home Wireless Communication Modulation MATLAB Beamforming Project Ideas MIMO Computer Networks Lab 🚀
Electronics Industry Wireless FORUM Work Hub Applications & Games Generate QR for Any Link Sitemap Generator (for Any Website) Play game Electrical & Electronics Calculator Contact Get Newsletter.
☰

Transmission line protection using Zigbee

 

Previously, taller transmitters were utilized to cover an entire city or a large area. The taller transmitters were frequently located in the city's center. However, the capacity of those networks was insufficient. It may be able to connect to a small number of devices. IEEE later developed the WLAN IEEE 802.11 project to provide high-speed internet connections to offices, households, and other places. Because high frequencies, such as 2.4 GHz and 5.7 GHz, are used, WLAN is ideal for short-range communication. Higher frequencies used in the IEEE 802.11 series can only traverse a few meters, i.e. 30-100 meters. As a result, they are excellent for short-range or indoor communication. The IEEE 802.11 series continues to evolve. The IEEE body later produced 802.11a/b/g/n/ac, etc.

Bluetooth was developed as a result for short-range file transfer between devices. The 2.4 GHz unlicensed spectrum is used by both Bluetooth and Zigbee. Bluetooth has a range of 10 meters and a data rate of 1 Mbps. The range of Zigbee, on the other hand, is roughly 30 metres, with a data rate of 250 Kbps.

Zigbee utilizes a fraction of the power that Bluetooth does. It operates at a power level of 4-20 mW. (milliwatt). Mesh, star, and tree networking are all possible with Zigbee. This characteristic makes it suitable for sensor networks, IoT connections, and other applications. Because zigbee uses substantially less power, the battery used in Zigbee can last for several years, and we won't have to replace these Zigbee (nodes) for a long time.

The connection and MAC layer protocols of Zigbee are compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It's utilized for low-power communication as well as network security.


As a result of the aforementioned, we may conclude that

  • Zigbee can be utilized in an ad-hoc network, mesh network, star network, or tree network, which makes it ideal for connecting a variety of useful networks such as sensor networks, IoT networks, and so on.
  • It may be used for signaling and security purposes for years because it only requires 5 to 20 milliwatts of energy and can be powered by the same battery. We do not need to remove Zigbee nodes on a regular basis.
  • The range of Zigbee is around 30 metres, and the data rate is approximately 250 Kbps. As a result, it is an excellent candidate for protecting transmission lines, as we do not require a high data rate for signalling.

Q. Zigbee is a wireless module that is only permitted to 100m communication Why is it used in various IOT applications including street lights
A. It serves as a relay node and uses less power. Because of its long battery life, it can operate for years after installation.

#Why we want to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor node?

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Admin & Author: Salim

profile

  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Fading : Slow & Fast and Large & Small Scale Fading

LARGE SCALE FADING The term 'Large scale fading' is used to describe variations in received signal power over a long distance, usually just considering shadowing.  Assume that a transmitter (say, a cell tower) and a receiver  (say, your smartphone) are in constant communication. Take into account the fact that you are in a moving vehicle. An obstacle, such as a tall building, comes between your cell tower and your vehicle's line of sight (LOS) path. Then you'll notice a decline in the power of your received signal on the spectrogram. Large-scale fading is the term for this type of phenomenon. SMALL SCALE FADING  Small scale fading is a term that describes rapid fluctuations in the received signal power on a small time scale. This includes multipath propagation effects as well as movement-induced Doppler frequency shifts. The statistics of small scale fading in industrial contexts can be described as Rician fading, and the Rician K-factor values for various factory condi...
Read more

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... 1. What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as,  In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits)  On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels.   2. What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance,...
Read more

What is the Step Size in FFT?

  In FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), the step size refers to the spacing between consecutive points in the output data after performing the transform. It's often determined by the sampling rate of the signal. The step size is crucial for accurate frequency representation, and smaller step sizes provide finer frequency resolution in the resulting frequency domain representation.   Step Size of a Signal in the Time Domain Suppose you have a signal sampled at 1000 Hz (sampling rate) for a duration of 1 second. The step size, or the time difference between consecutive samples, is then given by the inverse of the sampling rate: Step size = 1/ Sampling rate = 1/ 1000   Hz = 0.001   seconds If you perform an FFT on this signal, the resulting frequency resolution in the frequency domain will be determined in part by this step size. Smaller step sizes provide a finer frequency resolution.   Step Size of a Signal in the Frequency / FFT Domain  ...
Read more

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparison among ASK,  FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity:    - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its reliance on amplitude variations.    - PSK is less sensitive to noise compared to ASK.    - FSK is relatively more robust against noise, making it suitable for noisy environments. 2. Bandwidth Efficiency:    - PSK is the most bandwidth-efficient, requiring less bandwidth than FSK for the same data rate.    - FSK requires wider bandwidth compared to PSK.    - ASK's bandwidth efficiency lies between FSK and PSK. Bandwidth Calculator for ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second Select Modulation Type: ASK...
Read more

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...   MATLAB Script for  BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK %Written by Salim Wireless %Visit www.salimwireless.com for study materials on wireless communication %or, if you want to learn how to code in MATLAB clc; clear; close all; % Parameters num_symbols = 1e5; % Number of symbols snr_db = -20:2:20; % Range of SNR values in dB % PSK orders to be tested psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; % QAM orders to be tested qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; % Initialize BER arrays ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); % BER calculation for each PSK order and SNR value for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) % Generate random symbols data_symbols = randi([0, psk...
Read more

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ or -√Eb (they differ by 180 degree phase shift), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  This article will primarily discuss constellation diagrams, as well as what constellation diagrams tell us and the significance of constellation diagrams. Constellation diagrams can often demonstrate how the amplitude and phase of signals or symbols differ. These two characteristics lessen the interference between t...
Read more

Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading

Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or additive white gaussian noise [↗] , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way.  Fig: Rayleigh Fading due to multi-paths Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = h*x + n ... (i) Symbol '*' represents convolution. The transmitted signal  x  is multiplied by the channel coefficient or channel impulse response (h)  in the equation above, and the symbol  "n"  stands for the white Gaussian noise that is added to the signal through any type of channel (here, it is a wireless channel or wireless medium). Due to multi-paths the channel impulse response (h) changes. And multi-paths cause Rayleigh fa...
Read more

RMS Delay Spread, Excess Delay Spread and Multi-path ...

Signal Processing RMS Delay Spread, Excess Delay Spread, and Multipath... RMS Delay Spread, Excess Delay Spread, and Multipath (MPCs) The fundamental distinction between wireless and wired connections is that in wireless connections signal reaches at receiver thru multipath signal propagation rather than directed transmission like co-axial cable. Wireless Communication has no set communication path between the transmitter and the receiver. The line of sight path, also known as the LOS path, is the shortest and most direct communication link between TX and RX. The other communication pathways are called non-line of sight (NLOS) paths. Reflection and refraction of transmitted signals with building walls, foliage, and other objects create NLOS paths. [ Read More about LOS and NLOS Paths] Multipath Components or MPCs: The linear nature of the multipath component signals is evident. This signifies that one multipath component signal is a scalar multiple of ...
Read more