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Baseband Modulation Techniques

 

Baseband modulation techniques are methods used to encode information signals onto a baseband signal (a signal with frequencies close to zero), allowing for efficient transmission over a communication channel. These techniques are fundamental in various communication systems, including wired and wireless communication. Here are some common baseband modulation techniques:

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) [↗] :

In ASK, the amplitude of the baseband signal is varied to represent different symbols.
Binary ASK (BASK) is a common implementation where two different amplitudes represent binary values (0 and 1).
ASK is simple but susceptible to noise.

 
 
 
Fig 1:  Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (Get MATLAB Code)

In Figure 1 above, you can see binary information bits are simply represented by carrier signals in the case of binary information '1'. That's why it is called baseband signal.


Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) [↗] :

FSK modulates the frequency of the baseband signal to represent digital data.
In binary FSK (BFSK), two different frequencies represent binary values.
FSK is less susceptible to noise compared to ASK but requires more bandwidth.

 
 

For baseband FSK modulation, we can map the binary bit '0' to 'j' and bit '1' to '1'. When transmitting the signals through a wireless medium, we can modulate bit '0' with a lower frequency carrier signal and bit '1' with a higher frequency carrier signal

 

 
Fig 2: Frequency Modulation and Demodulation (Get MATLAB Code from here)

In Figure 2 above, you can see binary information bits '1's and '0's are represented by higher frequency carrier signal and lower frequency carrier signal, respectively. So this is also an example of the baseband signal.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) [↗] :

PSK varies the phase of the baseband signal to represent symbols. For example, we can map binary bit '0' to '-1' and bit '1' to '+1'.
Binary PSK (BPSK) uses two different phase shifts to represent binary values.
Quadrature PSK (QPSK) uses four phase shifts for higher data rates.
PSK is robust against noise and more bandwidth-efficient than ASK and FSK.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) [↗] :

QAM combines ASK and PSK by varying both amplitude and phase of the baseband signal.
In QAM, each symbol represents a combination of amplitude and phase, allowing for higher data rates.
Higher-order QAM (e.g., 16-QAM, 64-QAM) increases the number of symbols and data rates but requires more complex receiver designs.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) [↗] :

PAM encodes information in the amplitude of pulses in the baseband signal.
PAM is often used in digital communication systems where digital data is encoded into pulse amplitudes.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [↗] :

OFDM divides the baseband signal into multiple narrowband subcarriers, each modulated using PSK or QAM.


OFDM is widely used in modern communication systems such as Wi-Fi, LTE, and digital television (DVB, ATSC) due to its robustness against frequency-selective fading and ability to mitigate intersymbol interference.

These modulation techniques play crucial roles in various communication systems, each with its advantages and limitations depending on the specific application requirements such as bandwidth efficiency, spectral efficiency, robustness against noise, and complexity of implementation.

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