Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...

Simulator for BPSK Constellation Diagram SNR (dB): 15 Add AWGN Noise Run Simulation

  Baseband modulation refers to the process of transmitting digital signals over a communication channel without changing the frequency of the signal to a higher-frequency carrier. The signal is transmitted directly without frequency translation, making it suitable for short distances, such as within a local area network (LAN). Baseband Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) For Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK), binary bit '0' can be represented as lower level voltage and bit '1' as higher level voltage. For example, you can map binary bit '0' to 0 and bit '1' to 5 volts. Then, you can transmit the signal to the wire to the destination.  Baseband Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) For Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), you can map binary bit '0' to 'j' and bit '1' to '1'. Here, signals are in phase. But it is not necessary for BFSK. For baseband representation, we can map the bits like these for various purposes, such as calculatin...

📘 Overview 📘 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 📘 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 📘 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 📘 Which of the modulation techniques—ASK, FSK, or PSK—can achieve higher bit rates? 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📘 Simulator for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Modulation 📚 Further Reading   ASK or OFF ON Keying Ask is a simple (less complex)  Digital Modulation Scheme  where we vary the  modulation  signal's amplitude or voltage by the message signal's amplitude or voltage. We select two levels (two different voltage levels) for transmitting modulated message signals for the exam. And for example, we mapped the signal as two-level  "+5 Volt"  (which is the upper level) and another level,  "0 Volt,"  which is considered as the lower level. Whenever we need to transmit binary bit  "1,"  then the transmitter transmits a signal of  "+5 Volts,"  and when we need to send bit  "0,"  t...

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Theoretical Ber vs SNR for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The theoretical bit error rate (BER) for binary Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be derived using the following expression: If we map the binary signals to 1 and -1 in ASK , the probability of bit error will be: BER = Q(√(2*SNR))   If we map the binary signals to 0 and 1 in ASK , the probability of bit error will be:    BER = Q(√(SNR/2))   Where: Q(x) is the Q-function, which is the tail probability of the standard normal distribution. SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio. N0 is the noise power spectral density. Where Q is the Q function In mathematics Q(x) = 0.5 * erfc(x/ √ 2)   Calculate the Probability of Error using Q-function for ASK: For ASK with amplitudes 0 and 1 : When bit '0' is transmitted, the received signal is noise only . When bit '1' is transmitted, the re...

📘 Overview 📘 Simulator for Constellation of BPSK 📘 Energy Per Bit Calculation for BPSK Constellation 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading             Fig 1: Constellation Diagram of PSK    In the above figure, the binary bit '1' is represented by S1(t) and the binary bit '0' by S2(t), respectively. So, energy of S1(t) = (√(Eb))2 = Eb So, energy of S2(t) = (-√(Eb))2 = Eb Distance between the signaling points, d12 = 2(√(Eb))   Energy per bit for binary '1' and binary '0' (Tb = bit duration) ** For Transmission of binary ‘1’: $E_b = \int_{0}^{T_b} (A_c \cos(2\Pi f_c t))^2 dt$ $= \int_{0}^{T_b} \frac{(A_c)^2}{2} dt + \int_{0}^{T_b} \frac{(A_c)^2 \cos(4\Pi f_c t)}{2} dt$ $= \int_{0}^{T_b} \frac{(A_c)^2}{2} dt + 0$ (The integral of $\cos(4\Pi f_c t)$ over a complete cycle is zero) $= \frac{(A_c)^2}{2} \cdot T_b$ ...

Let's simplify the explanation for the theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.  Key Points Fig 1: Constellation Diagrams of BASK, BFSK, and BPSK [↗] BPSK Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb ​ or -√Eb , where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1 . AWGN Channel: The channel adds Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance N0/2 (where N0 ​ is the noise power spectral density). Receiver Decision: The receiver decides if the received signal is closer to +√Eb​ (for bit 0) or -√Eb​ (for bit 1) . Bit Error Rate (BER) The probability of error (BER) for BPSK is given by a function called the Q-function. The Q-function Q(x) measures the tail probability of the normal distribution, i.e., the probability that a Gaussian random variable exceeds a certain value x.  Understanding the Q...

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Online Simulator for Calculating BER of M-ary PSK and QAM 🧮 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 🧮 Are QPSK and 4-PSK same? 📚 Further Reading   QPSK offers double the data rate of BPSK while maintaining a similar bit error rate at low SNR when Gray coding is used. It shares spectral efficiency with 4-QAM and can outperform 4-QAM or 16-QAM in very noisy channels. QPSK is widely used in practical wireless systems, often alongside QAM in adaptive modulation schemes [Read more...] What is the Gray Code? Gray Code: Gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit. This property is called the single-bit difference or unit distance code. It is also known as reflected binary code. Let's convert binary 111 to Gray code: Binary bits: B = 1 1 1 Apply the rule: G[0] = B[0] = 1...

MATLAB Code % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com % Clear previous data and plots clc; % Clear the command window clear all; % Remove all variables from the workspace close all; % Close all figure windows % Parameters Tb = 1; % Bit duration in seconds fc = 10; % Carrier frequency in Hz N = 10; % Number of bits to transmit % Generate carrier signal t = 0:Tb/100:1; % Time vector for one bit duration with 100 samples carrier_signal = sqrt(2/Tb) * sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Normalized carrier signal % Generate message signal rng(10); % Set random seed for reproducibility binary_data = rand(1, N); % Generate random binary data between 0 and 1 % Initialize time intervals for message bits t_start = 0; t_end = Tb; % Loop to generate and modulate each bit for i = 1:N t = t_start:0.01:t_end; % Time vector for current bit duration % Generate binary message signal (1 or 0) if binary_data(i) > 0.5 binary_data(i) = 1; message_signal = ones(1, length(t)); % Bit value 1 else binary_data(i) = 0;...

   The MATLAB command 'scatter' plots a constellation diagram when original message symbols or demodulated symbols are in the complex number format. On the other hand, the MATLAB command 'scatterplot' is used when original message symbols or demodulated symbols are in the decimal format.   Example (use of 'scatterplot') % Clearing workspace, closing figures, and setting seed for random number generation clc; clear all; close all; % Setting parameters rng(10); M = 4; % Number of phases for PSK modulation N_Bits = 2520; % Total number of bits to transmit Phase = 0; % Initial phase angle % Generating random binary data data_info_bit = randi([0,1],N_Bits,1); % Converting binary data to decimal data_temp = bi2de(reshape(data_info_bit,N_Bits/log2(M),log2(M))); % Performing PSK modulation modData = pskmod(data_temp,M,Phase); % Visualizing modulated data figure(1); scatterplot(modData); % Simulating channel with AWGN channelAWGN = 15; % Noise power rxData2 = awgn(m...

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagram of FSK 🧮 Theory 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   Binary bits '0' and '1' can be mapped to 'j' and '1' to '1', respectively, for Baseband Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) . Signals are in phase here. These bits can be mapped into baseband representation for a number of uses, including power spectral density (PSD) calculations. For passband BFSK transmission, we can modulate signal 'j' with a lower carrier frequency and signal '1' with a higher carrier frequency while transmitting over a wireless channel. Let's assume we are transmitting carrier signal fc1 for the transmission of binary bit '1' and carrier signal fc2 for the transmission of binary bit '0'. Simulator for 2-FSK Constellation Diagram Simulator for 2-FSK Constellation Diagram SNR (dB): ...