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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
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Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
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MATLAB Code for ASK, FSK, and PSK

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Code for ASK 🧮 MATLAB Code for FSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for PSK 🧮 Simulator for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Modulations 📚 Further Reading ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Code MATLAB Code for ASK Modulation and Demodulation % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com % Clear previous data and plots clc; clear all; close all; % Parameters Tb = 1; % Bit duration (s) fc = 10; % Carrier frequency (Hz) N_bits = 10; % Number of bits Fs = 100 * fc; % Sampling frequency (ensure at least 2*fc, more for better representation) Ts = 1/Fs; % Sampling interval samples_per_bit = Fs * Tb; % Number of samples per bit duration % Generate random binary data rng(10); % Set random seed for reproducibility binary_data = randi([0, 1], 1, N_bits); % Generate random binary data (0 or 1) % Initialize arrays for continuous signals t_overall = 0:Ts:(N_bits...
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Antenna Gain-Combining Methods - EGC, MRC, SC, and RMSGC

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Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

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MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...
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BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...
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MATLAB Code for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Code for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading   MATLAB Script % The code is developed by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % Parameters numSymbols = 1000; % Number of symbols to simulate symbolIndices = randi([0 1], numSymbols, 1); % Random binary symbols (0 or 1) % ASK Modulation (BASK) askAmplitude = [0, 1]; % Amplitudes for binary ASK askSymbols = askAmplitude(symbolIndices + 1); % Modulated BASK symbols % FSK Modulation (Modified BFSK with 90-degree offset) fs = 100; % Sampling frequency symbolDuration = 1; % Symbol duration in seconds t = linspace(0, symbolDuration, fs*symbolDuration); fBase = 1; % Base frequency frequencies = [fBase, fBase]; % Same frequency for both % Generate FSK symbols with 90° phase offset fskSymbols = arrayfun(@(idx) ...     cos(2*pi*frequencies(1)*t) * (1-idx) + ...     ...
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