Rank & Condition Number FAQ What is the "Rank" of a wireless channel matrix mathematically? Mathematically, the Rank of a matrix $H$ is the number of linearly independent rows or columns. In your simulator, it is found by performing Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and counting the number of non-zero singular values ($\sigma$). If a $4 \times 4$ matrix has a Rank of 2, it means only two "paths" are truly independent. How does Channel Rank apply to MIMO systems? In MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) , the Rank defines the maximum number of independent data streams (spatial multiplexing) you can send simultaneously. A Full Rank channel is ideal because it allows for the highest possible data rate by using all available antennas for different data layers. ...

  Virtual Labs PSK BER vs SNR Online Simulator with AWGN The theoretical BER for binary PSK (BPSK) in an AWGN channel is given by: BER = 0.5 * erfc(sqrt(SNR)). Number of Bits: SNR Start: End: Calculate BER Plot BER vs SNR Reset Simulator BER Results ...

Virtual Labs FSK BER vs SNR Online Simulator with AWGN Number of Bits: SNR Start: End: Calculate BER Range Plot BER vs SNR Reset Simulator BER Results SNR (dB) Bit Error Rate (BER) Print ...

ASK BER Simulator - Optimized Theoretical vs Simulated BER vs SNR for Binary ASK Number of Bits: Higher bits = More accuracy but slower. SNR (dB) [Start:Step:Stop] or Single Value: Example: -10:2:20 or 5 Reset Print Results Observation Table SNR (dB) Simulated BER ...

Open Simulator in Full Screen Return to Home → ⚠ Note: If the result does not appear, ensure all matrix cells are filled. Matrix A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 Cell Clear + - Eigen Value Eigen Vectors Eigen Value Decomposition LU Decomposition Singular Value Decomposition Rank & Condition Number Reset Simulator × Result =

  Intermediate Frequency (IF) In communication systems (especially radio receivers), the Intermediate Frequency (IF) is the fixed frequency to which an incoming signal is converted after mixing with a local oscillator. A superheterodyne receiver works like this: f IF = |f RF - f LO | fRF = received radio frequency fLO = local oscillator frequency fIF = intermediate frequency This conversion makes amplification and filtering easier because the receiver processes signals at one constant frequency instead of many different RF frequencies. Common Examples AM radio IF ≈ 455 kHz FM radio IF ≈ 10.7 MHz Why IF Matters in Detection The IF strongly affects: Sensitivity Selectivity Image-frequency rejection Bandwidth Noise performance Stability of detect...

  Eddy Current An eddy current is a circulating electric current induced inside a conductor when the conductor experiences a changing magnetic field. These currents flow in closed loops inside the material, similar to swirling water eddies in a river — which is why they are called eddy currents . Principle of Eddy Currents Eddy currents are produced due to: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Lenz’s Law When magnetic flux linked with a conductor changes: e = -dΦ/dt An emf is induced, causing circulating currents inside the conductor. Where: e = induced emf Φ = magnetic flux Formation of Eddy Currents Eddy currents are generated when: A conductor moves through a magnetic field A magneti...

  Sallen-Key Filter A Sallen-Key filter is a popular type of active analog filter made using: An operational amplifier (op-amp) Resistors Capacitors It is widely used to build: Low-pass filters High-pass filters Band-pass filters The circuit was developed by R. P. Sallen and E. L. Key . Main Idea A Sallen-Key filter combines: An RC network (frequency selection) With an op-amp buffer/amplifier This gives: Better filtering Stable response Higher gain Less loading effect Most Common Type: Low-Pass Sallen-Key Filter It allows: Low frequencies to pass High frequencies to be blocked Cutoff Frequency The cutoff frequency is: fc...