📉 Overview 💡 Analogy 🧮 Formula 🚀 SNR Info Noise Floor Calculator Calculate your system's theoretical noise floor based on bandwidth and temperature. Open Calculator Tool What is Noise Floor? The Noise Floor is the measure of the signal created from the sum of all noise sources and unwanted signals within a system. It represents the background "static" that exists even when no intentional information is being transmitted. In any electronic system, if your signal power is equal to or lower than the noise floor, the information becomes indistinguishable from the background noise, leading to data loss. Calculating the Noise Floor In RF...

Industrial PID Control Simulator Correlating Mathematics with Robotic Motion Robotic Arm Angle Control Reset Arm Theoretical: τ(t) = K p e(t) + K i ∫ e(t)dt + K d (de/dt) Measured Torque = 0.00 + 0.00 + 0.00 = 0.00 How to hit the target: 1. Set Target to 0° (Horizontal). 2. Increase Kp until the arm moves (it will bounce). 3. Increase Kd to stop the bouncing. 4. Notice it hangs below 0°. Increase Ki to give it the "muscle" to lift its own weight to 0°. Set Target Angle (θ) Kp: Strength (Current Error) Kd: Damping (Brake speed) ...

Phased Array: The Physics of "Electronic Steering" How changing Time (Phase) changes Direction (Angle) . 1. ELECTRONIC DELAY (Phase Δφ): 0 ° 2. WAVE SIZE (Wavelength λ): 40 cm 3. ANTENNA COUNT: 8 The Visual Derivation 1. Path Difference (Extra distance traveled): δ = d · sin(θ) 2. Phase to Distance Ratio: Δφ / 2π = δ / λ 3. Solve for Steering Angle (θ): θ = arcsin( λ·Δφ / 2πd ) Intuition: If you increase the Phase Delay (Δφ) , the wave from the next antenna starts "late," which tilts the whole wavefront. Return to Simulation (web based) Main Page →

Fourier Series: Step-by-Step Building complex signals from simple sine waves. 1 The Mathematical Blueprint f(t) = sin(1ωt) Starting with the 1st Harmonic (Fundamental Frequency) 2 The Interactive Summation Number of Harmonics − Less 1 + More Current Harmonic Being Added: n = 1 (Fundamental) 3 What are you seeing? • The Circles (Phasors): Each circle represents one sine wave. The size (radius) is the Amplitude , and the rotation speed is the Frequency . • Summation: Notice how the circles are stacked. This is literally adding the Y-values of the sine waves together ($A+B+C$). • The Result: As you add more harmonics ($n=3, 5, 7...$), the circles "cancel out" the humps of the sine wave to make the top of the wave flat . This is how we create a Square Wave . ...

The Nyquist Folding Simulator Nyquist Limit (The "Mirror") f limit = f s / 2 Observed Frequency f obs = f sig Signal Frequency: 4 Hz Sampling Frequency: 20 Hz Signal is safe (f sig limit ) Instructions for Students: 1. Keep Sampling Freq at 20 Hz. The Red Mirror is now at 10 Hz. 2. Move Signal Frequency from 1 Hz up to 9 Hz. Notice the Yellow spike follows the Blue spike exactly. 3. Push Signal Frequency past 10 Hz. Notice the Blue spike crosses the mirror, but the Yellow spike folds back . 4. The Yellow spike is an "Alias"—an imposter that the computer thinks is the real signal. Return to Simulation (web based) Main Page →

v i R S R B 1/g m1 S g m2 v gs2 R D v out Solution Vout = -gm2VgsRD Vgs = Vin(RB + 1/gm1)/(RB + Rs+1/gm1) So, Vout/Vin = gm2RD/(RB + Rs+1/gm1)/(RB + 1/gm1)                      = gm2RD*(RB + 1/gm1)/(RB + Rs+1/gm1) Answer: Option B Previous yr Question papers with Full Explanations →

Interactive Doppler Spectrum Simulator Doppler Spectrum Simulator Velocity (v): 0 m/s Speed of Wave (c): Carrier Frequency ($f_c$): Reset to Default Source Stationary

Instructions for Phase Modulation (PM) Step 1: Click on 'Generate Message' button to generate input message signal Step 2: Then click on 'Generate Carrier' button to generate carrier signal. The carrier frequency has to be more than the message frequency and You can change frequencies using sliders Step 3: Click on 'Generate Phase Modulated Signal' button to generate Phase Modulated Signal Step 4: Click on the 'Show Frequency Spectrums of PM' button to see spectrums of the PM signal Here, β represents the phase modulation index, given by β=kp*Am​, where Am​ is the amplitude of the message signal (assumed to be fixed), and kp​ is the phase sensitivity of the modulator 5 Hz Step 1: Generate Message 50 Hz ...