5G Link Budget Calculator Link Budget Online Simulator Transmit Power (dBm): Frequency (GHz): 700 MHz (Low) 3.5 GHz (Mid) 28 GHz (mmWave) Distance (km): 1.0 km Received Signal Strength (RSRP) -95.0 dBm Signal: Good Example Calculation (GHz Version) f = 3.5 GHz, d = 1 km FSPL(dB) = 20 log₁₀(1) + 20 log₁₀(3.5) + 92.45 = 0 + 10.88 + 92.45 = 103.33 dB The constant 92.45 is used when: Distance is in kilometers (km) Frequency is in gigahertz (GHz) It comes from converting the standar...

General Formula for Bandwidth Calculation The general formula for digital modulation bandwidth is: BW = Bit Rate / Bits per Symbol or equivalently: BW = R b / log 2 (M) Where: BW = Minimum Nyquist Bandwidth R b = Bit Rate (bps) M = Number of signal states (modulation levels) Baud Rate (Symbol Rate) R s = R b / log 2 (M) For ideal Nyquist signaling: BW min = R s Examples 1. BPSK M = 2 log 2 (2) = 1 BW = R b 2. QPSK M = 4 log 2 (4) = 2 BW = R b / 2 3. 16-QAM M = 16 log 2 (16) = 4 BW = R b / 4 Summary Modulation Bits/Symbol Bandwidt...

48. Match the List-I with List-II. List-I (Multiplexing Type) List-II (No. of Channels) (a) T1 carrier system I. 96, 64 kbps channels (b) T2 carrier system II. 672, 64 kbps channels (c) T3 carrier system III. 24, 64 kbps channels (d) T4 carrier system IV. 4032, 64 kbps channels Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (a) (b) (c) ...

47. The min terms for the following ' f min ' will be: f min = A' C' + A' D + A' B + BD A. f = Σ m (0, 1, 5, 6, 9, 13, 15) B. f = Σ m (2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14) C. f = Σ m (0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15) D. f = Σ m (1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15) Answer: Option C Solution Finding Minterms for the Boolean Expression Given Boolean expression: F min = A'C' + A'D + A'B + BD We determine all combinations of A, B, C, and D for which the function is equal to 1. 1. A'C' Here A = 0 and C = 0, while B and D can be anything. 0000 = m 0 0001 = m 1 0100 = m 4 0101 = m 5 2. A'D Here A = 0 and D = 1, while B and C vary. ...

46. For 8086 microprocessor interrupt system, which of the following statements are true? (a) Type 0 - Divide Error (b) Type 1 - 1 byte break (c) Type 2 - single step (d) Type 4 - overflow (INTO) A. (a) and (c) only B. (b) and (d) only C. (b) and (c) only D. (a) and (d) only Answer: option D Previous yr Question papers with Full Explanations →

45. For the given circuit, the maximum power delivered to the load shall be: A voltage source V th in series with resistance R th , connected to a load resistor R L . A. V th 2 / R th B. V th 2 / 2R th C. V th 2 / 4R th D. V th 2 / 8R th Answer: Option C Previous yr Question papers with Full Explanations →

44. What will be the content of register AX when the following set of instructions are executed in 8086 microprocessor? MOV AX, 31H ADD AL, 39H AAA A. 0070H B. 006AH C. 0100H D. 116AH Answer: Option C Previous yr Question papers with Full Explanations →

Advanced M-ary Modulation Simulator (with Q-function) Explore how Modulation Order (M) and SNR affect the "Distance to Error." 1. Select Modulation BPSK (M=2) QPSK (M=4) 8-PSK (M=8) 16-QAM (M=16) 64-QAM (M=64) 2. SNR (Eb/N0 dB): 10 dB Bits/Symbol (k): 1 Min Distance (d): 2.0 Symbol Error Rate: 0.000 Constellation (Signal + Noise) Q-Function Tail (Error Probability) Understanding the Gap In digital communication, we send symbols. Noise pushes these symbols away from their original spot. If th...