Transmitted and Received Power in Communication Systems Key Concepts Transmitted Power ( P s ): The average power of the transmitted signal is defined as the power that is radiated from the transmitter. For a BPSK signal, where the transmitted symbols are either +1 or -1 , the average transmitted power is: P s = 1 Since the magnitude of both +1 and -1 is 1 , the average power of the transmitted BPSK signal is 1 . Channel Coefficient ( h ): The channel coefficient h characterizes how the transmitted signal is affected as it propagates through the channel. It can be represented as a complex number: h = a + jb The magnitude squared of the channel coefficient |h|² gives us the channel gain, which describes how much the signal power is amplified or attenuated as it passes through the channel: |h|

AWGN Noise: Mean and Variance in Practical Systems In practical communication systems, Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is modeled with a zero mean and variance based on the signal power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). AWGN Mean In most practical systems, the mean of the AWGN noise is set to zero. This is because AWGN is symmetric around zero, making it equally likely to increase or decrease the signal. Why Zero Mean? A zero mean ensures that the noise doesn’t introduce a consistent bias to the signal. Mean of AWGN = 0 AWGN Variance The variance of AWGN is determined based on the signal power and the desired SNR. 1. SNR Definition: SNR = P signal / P noise Where: P signal is the average power of the signal. P noise is the power (variance) of the noise. 2. Noise Variance: P noise = σ 2 3. Convert SNR from dB to

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Welcome! Width (px): Height (px): Quality (0 to 1): Submit Download  You may also like tools such as:  Online Image Watermark Tool Image Resizer and Watermark Tool Image Compressor Online Instructions for Using the Image Resizer Tool Upload an Image: Click the Choose File button to upload the image you want to resize. Select an image file from your device. Supported formats typically include JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Set the Desired Dimensions: In the Width field, enter the desired width for your resized image. The default value is set to 1200 pixels. In the Height field, enter the desired height for your resized image. The default value is set to 768 pixels. You can change these values according to your needs. Specify Image Quality: In the Quality field, enter a value between 0.0 and 1.0 (e.g., 0.8 ) to specif

Dive into the fascinating world of GMSK modulation, where continuous phase modulation and spectral efficiency come together for robust communication systems! Core Process of GMSK Modulation Phase Accumulation (Integration of Filtered Signal) After applying Gaussian filtering to the Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) signal, we integrate the smoothed NRZ signal over time to produce a continuous phase signal: θ(t) = ∫ 0 t m filtered (τ) dτ This integration is crucial for avoiding abrupt phase transitions, ensuring smooth and continuous phase changes. Phase Modulation The next step involves using the phase signal to modulate a high-frequency carrier wave: s(t) = cos(2πf c t + θ(t)) Here, f c is the carrier frequency, and s(t) represents the continuous-phase modulated carrier wave. Quadrature Modulation (Optional)

  Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous frequency shift keying (CFSK). Like continuous frequency shift keying, we can also define bit "1" and "0" by two distinct frequency carriers, but the frequency shift will be half of the baud rate, i.e., f2 - f1 will be Rb/2. where f2 is the carrier frequency for binary bit "1" f1 is the carrier frequency for binary bit "0" Rb = Baud Rate   Here, the frequency shift between two carrier frequencies is minimum (Baud Rate) / 2. So, it is called minimum shift keying. Steps for minimum shift keying 1. Firstly, generate a bitstream of binary bits "1" and "0" 2. Then Convert it to NRZ Signal 3. Then perform MSK modulation on the NRZ Signal 4. If the carrier frequency is fc, then bit "1" will be represented by slightly higher than the carrier frequency, fc + (baud rate)/4, and bit "0" by slightly lower than the carrier frequency, fc - (baud rate)/4. Gaussian minim