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Ultra-Wideband | Positioning, Frequency Range, Power and AoA & AoD detection



UWB functions with the signal's so-called Time of Flight rather than RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication), which makes technology more precise and enables it to conduct extremely precise ranging measurements. This is in contrast to traditional radio technologies (like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi).

Key Features of UWB Bands

  • UWB in order to bring decimeter-level positioning to the market
  • There is almost no interference with other radio communication systems
  • Multipath signal propagation resistance 
  • resistance to noise 
  • Low-power transceiver required


Ultra Wide Band or UWB comes under the Super High Frequency Band (SHF) range, as SHF ranges from 3 to 30 GHz.

UWB frequency range: 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz

Ultra-wideband or UWB technology is used for high-speed short-range wireless communication protocol. Now, it is a globally accepted protocol used in Mobile Telephony, AirTags, Medical fields, and NFC (near-field communication), and serves a variety of security services. etc. We need more spectral resources or bandwidth to meet the constantly expanding data traffic demands. On the other hand, wireless communication is gaining popularity in the industrial setting, particularly for industrial automation. The spectral resource of very high frequencies, such as ultra-wideband and millimeter wave, is huge. But unfortunately, it cannot be used with Wi-Fi to some limitations in UWB transmission.

In 1960, the ultra-wideband (UWB) was invented. This band is ideal for communication over short distances. As a result, it can be used for both indoor and short-range outdoor communication. Because of its larger bandwidth and reduced latency, it is suitable for industrial automation.


Here, in the above figure, it is shown that GSM uses a bandwidth of 200 KHz. But it uses maximum energy among the three compared communication bands to overcome the noise level. But in the case of UWB, it transmits less power for short-range communication. As here communication range is limited, so it hardly interacts with other networks. But we can experience high data rate communication here because the available bandwidth is huge.
What is the significance of Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

The difference between a communication band's highest and lowest frequencies is used to compute electronic communication bandwidth. The ratio of the highest frequency to the lowest operating frequency in a communication band is substantially higher in a wideband transmission. Similarly, the signal is described as a narrow band if the highest to lowest frequency ratio is close to one.

The highest operational frequency for UWB transmission is much higher than the lowest operating frequency. UWB signals are sent as narrow pulses ranging up to a few picoseconds. As a result of the narrower pulses, it implies operating at higher frequencies. As a result, there is plenty of scope for high bandwidth allocation because it is wideband.
Why Choose Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

There are several compelling reasons to use UWB for modern wireless communication. The following are the reasons:

1. Huge spectrum resource

2. When two UWB devices get close together, they begin to range.

3. High positional precision

4. Can detect angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD)


1. Huge spectrum resource:

UWB systems transmit signals in the form of pulse pattern radio-based technology in the time domain. UWB band's frequency span 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. We transfer very narrow pulses in the time domain, so it contains huge bandwidth. In the following paras, we've discussed about the energy efficiency of UWB. We've already discussed in the above para that ultra-wideband communication is wideband communication itself because its highest operating frequency is much higher than the lowest operating frequency. So, here available spectrum resources are huge.


2. Live tracking (positioning) Property of Ultra Wide Band (UWB):

UWB is used in tracking devices like the -- Apple Air-Tag, Samsung galaxy smart Tag plus, etc. Keyless entry technologies (e.g., RFID) or digital key technologies are adopting ultra wideband or UWB.

Currently, UWB operates in the 3–10 GHz spectrum. The positioning accuracy of this band is great. Because the wavelength is so short, it provides a higher detection resolution of objects. As a result, when two UWB devices get close enough, they start ranging. The ranging is done using time of flight (ToF), which is the amount of time it takes for packets to perform a round trip between initiator and responder devices. It can track devices in real-time, improving the connection's reliability.
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