Skip to main content

Menu

Home ๐Ÿ“˜ Wireless Communication (Main Page) Constellation Diagrams BER vs SNR GMSK MSK Channel Impulse Response Modulation Schemes MIMO Technology OFDM MATLAB Projects Contact
Login Try App

4G, 5G


Topics

What is 5G Technology? Frequency Bands, Speed, and Others
Theoretical Aspects of 5G Technology | Everything You Need to Know About 5G | 5G FAQ
5g Availability by Cities Worldwide
What is 5G RAN?
Channel modelling for millimeter wave
Future scope of patch antennas that are used for 5g Applications
Discussion of some confusing questions about mm-wave 5G
Frequently Asked Questions about 5G
Time-delayed saleh valenzuala cluster model for UWB & mm-Wave
Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
What is Millimeter Wave (mm wave)?
Challenges and Potential Solutions for 5G Networks
5G Channel Estimation using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP)
Difference between 4G and 5G technology | In the context of Frequency, Bandwidth ...
Standalone (SA) and non-Standalone (non-SA) Networks in 5G
Network Slicing for 5G Networks
5G : Challenges and Potential Solutions for 5G Communication
Raytracing in Modern Wireless Communication
Present and Future Wireless Communication Systems
Best 5G Blogs
What is 5G? How will it transform our world?
5G in India: Spectrum Acquisitions of Airtel, Jio, Vodafone Idea
5G Technology: Requirements and Enabling Technologies
What frequency is 5G? All the different 5G ranges, explained
Is 5G Harmful to People?
Will rural areas get 5G?
Will 5G work in remote areas?
More ...


Beamforming & Channel EstimationClick here

MIMO / Massive MIMO Click here

Future Communication Systems Click here

Internet of Things (IoTs) Click here

Extremely high frequency (Click here)



People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

OFDM Symbols and Subcarriers Explained

This article explains how OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols and subcarriers work. It covers modulation, mapping symbols to subcarriers, subcarrier frequency spacing, IFFT synthesis, cyclic prefix, and transmission. Step 1: Modulation First, modulate the input bitstream. For example, with 16-QAM , each group of 4 bits maps to one QAM symbol. Suppose we generate a sequence of QAM symbols: s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, …, s63 Step 2: Mapping Symbols to Subcarriers Assume N sub = 8 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol in the frequency domain contains 8 QAM symbols (one per subcarrier): Mapping (example) OFDM symbol 1 → s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7 OFDM symbol 2 → s8, s9, s10, s11, s12, s13, s14, s15 … OFDM sym...
Read more

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

๐Ÿ“˜ Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) ๐Ÿงฎ Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐Ÿงฎ Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐Ÿ“š Further Reading ๐Ÿ“‚ Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... ๐Ÿงฎ Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK ๐Ÿงฎ Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
Read more

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

๐Ÿ“˜ Overview of BER and SNR ๐Ÿงฎ Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... ๐Ÿ“š Further Reading ๐Ÿ“‚ View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... ๐Ÿงฎ Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM ๐Ÿงฎ Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme ๐Ÿงฎ Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Read more

Power Spectral Density Calculation Using FFT in MATLAB

๐Ÿ“˜ Overview ๐Ÿงฎ Steps to calculate the PSD of a signal ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Codes ๐Ÿ“š Further Reading Power spectral density (PSD) tells us how the power of a signal is distributed across different frequency components, whereas Fourier Magnitude gives you the amplitude (or strength) of each frequency component in the signal. Steps to calculate the PSD of a signal Firstly, calculate the first Fourier transform (FFT) of a signal Then, calculate the Fourier magnitude of the signal The power spectrum is the square of the Fourier magnitude To calculate power spectrum density (PSD), divide the power spectrum by the total number of samples and the frequency resolution. {Frequency resolution = (sampling frequency / total number of samples)} Sampling frequency (fs): The rate at which the continuous-time signal is sampled (in Hz). ...
Read more

Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK

๐Ÿ“˜ Overview ๐Ÿงฎ Simulator for calculating BER ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Codes for calculating theoretical BER ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Codes for calculating simulated BER ๐Ÿ“š Further Reading BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Simulator for calculating BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary PSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR Curves MATLAB Code for Theoretical BER % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % SNR v...
Read more

Fundamentals of Channel Estimation

Channel Estimation Techniques Channel Estimation is an auto‑regressive process that may be performed with a number of iterations. There are commonly three types of channel estimation approaches: Pilot estimation Blind estimation Semi‑blind estimation. For Channel Estimation, CIR [↗] is used. The amplitudes of the impulses decrease over time and are not correlated. For example: y(n) = h(n) * x(n) + w(n) where y(n) is the received signal, x(n) is the sent signal, and w(n) is the additive white Gaussian noise. At the next stage: h(n+1) = a * h(n) + w(n) The channel coefficient will be modified as stated above at the subsequent stage. The scaling factor “a” determines the impulse’s amplitude, whereas h(n+1) represents the channel coefficient at the following stage. Pilot Estimation Method To understand how a communication medium is currently behaving, a channel estimate is necessary...
Read more

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is a type of signal modulation in which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a single pulse within one of 2แดน possible time positions within a fixed time frame. This process is repeated every T seconds , resulting in a data rate of M/T bits per second . PPM is a form of analog modulation where the position of each pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the sampled modulating signal , while the amplitude and width of the pulses remain constant . This means only the timing (position) of the pulse carries the information. PPM is commonly used in optical and wireless communications , especially where multipath interference is minimal or needs to be reduced. Because the information is carried in timing , it's more robust in some noisy environments compared to other modulation schemes. Although PPM can be used for analog signal modulation , it is also used in digital communications where each pulse position represents a symbol or bit...
Read more

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM ๐Ÿงฎ MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK ๐Ÿ“š Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...
Read more