Skip to main content

4G, 5G, and 6G Main Page


Main Topics



Index (A–Z)

A

5g Availability by Cities Worldwide 5G in India: Spectrum Acquisitions of Airtel, Jio, Vodafone Idea 
 

B

Best 5G Blogs 
 

C

Channel modelling for millimeter wave Challenges and Potential Solutions for 5G Networks 
 

D

Difference between 4G and 5G technology | In the context of Frequency, Bandwidth ... Discussion of some confusing questions about mm-wave 5G 
 

F

Frequently Asked Questions about 5G Future scope of patch antennas that are used for 5g Applications 
 

I

Is 5G Harmful to People? 
 

M

What is Millimeter Wave (mm wave)? 
 

N

Network Slicing for 5G Networks 
 

P

Present and Future Wireless Communication Systems 
 
5G Phased Array in MATLAB  
 

R

Raytracing in Modern Wireless Communication 
 
(RAN) AI-RAN, RIS, ISAC and Spectrum Coexistence 
 

S

Standalone (SA) and non-Standalone (non-SA) Networks in 5G 
(Spectrum Sharing) AI-Driven Spectrum Sharing (with MATLAB) 
 

T

Theoretical Aspects of 5G Technology | Everything You Need to Know About 5G | 5G FAQ Time-delayed saleh valenzuala cluster model for UWB & mm-Wave 
 

U

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) 
 

W

What is 5G Technology? Frequency Bands, Speed, and Others
What is 5G RAN? 
 
What is 5G? How will it transform our world?
 
What frequency is 5G? All the different 5G ranges, explained
 
Will rural areas get 5G?
 
Will 5G work in remote areas?
 

Categories

Beamforming & Channel Estimation Click here

MIMO / Massive MIMO Click here

Future Communication Systems Click here

Internet of Things (IoTs) Click here

Extremely high frequency (Click here)

Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulato...

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...(with Online Simulator)

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; snr_db = -5:2:25; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) ber_psk_results(i, :) = berawgn(snr_db, 'psk', psk_orders(i), 'nondiff'); end for i = 1:length(qam_orders) ber_qam_results(i, :) = berawgn(snr_db, 'qam', qam_orders(i)); end figure; semilogy(snr_db, ber_psk_results(1, :), 'o-', 'LineWidth', 1.5, 'DisplayName', 'BPSK'); hold on; for i = 2:length(psk_orders) semilogy(snr_db, ber_psk_results(i, :), 'o-', 'DisplayName', sprintf('%d-PSK', psk_orde...

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2022 PYQ 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading UGC-NET (Electronics Science, Subject code: 88) Subject_Code : 88; Department : Electronic Science; 📂 View All Question Papers Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [June 2025] A. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2025] with full explanation Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [December 2024] A. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2024] Q. UGC Net Electronic Science Question Paper [Aug 2024] A. UGC Net Electronic Scien...

MATLAB Code for Zero-Forcing (ZF) Beamforming in 4×4 MIMO Systems

MATLAB Code for Zero-Forcing (ZF) Beamforming in 4×4 MIMO Systems clc; clear; close all; %% Parameters Nt = 4; % Transmit antennas Nr = 4; % Receive antennas (must be >= Nt for ZFBF) numBits = 1e4; % Number of bits per stream SNRdB = 0; % SNR in dB numRuns = 100; % Number of independent runs for averaging %% Precompute noise standard deviation noiseSigma = 10^(-SNRdB / 20); %% Accumulator for total errors totalErrors = 0; for run = 1:numRuns % Generate random bits: [4 x 10000] bits = randi([0 1], Nt, numBits); % BPSK modulation: 0 → +1, 1 → -1 txSymbols = 1 - 2 * bits; % Rayleigh channel matrix: [4 x 4] H = (randn(Nr, Nt) + 1j * randn(Nr, Nt)) / sqrt(2); %% === Zero Forcing Beamforming at Transmitter === W_zf = pinv(H); % Precoding matrix: [Nt x Nr] txPrecoded = W_zf * txSymbols; % Apply ZF precoding % Normalize transmit power (optional but useful) txPrecoded = txPrecoded / sqrt(mean(abs(txPrecoded(:)).^2)); %% Channel transmission with AWGN noise = noiseSigma * (randn(...

Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK (MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator 💻 Theoretical Code 📊 Simulated Code 📚 Resources Overview BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 🚀 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 🌊 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Bit Error Rate (BER) Equations BER formulas for ASK, FSK, and PSK modulation schemes. ASK BER = 0.5 × erfc(0.5 × √SNR) FSK BER = 0.5 × erfc(√(SNR / 2)) PSK BER = 0.5 × erfc(√SNR) erfc / Q-function (Click here) Live BER S...

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit for a...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Constellation Diagrams: ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive guide to signal space representation, including interactive simulators and MATLAB implementations. 📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator ⚖️ Theory 📚 Resources Definitions Constellation Tool Key Points MATLAB Code 📂 Other Topics: M-ary PSK & QAM Diagrams ▼ 🧮 Simulator for M-ary PSK Constellation 🧮 Simulator for M-ary QAM Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation Transmits one...

MIMO, massive MIMO, and Beamforming

Introduction to MIMO Systems The term Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) refers to wireless communication systems that use multiple antennas at both the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). MIMO is a core technology in modern standards such as Wi-Fi 4/5/6, LTE, and 5G . The main purpose of MIMO is to increase channel capacity and improve link reliability by transmitting multiple independent data streams over the same frequency band. These simultaneous data streams are spatially multiplexed and transmitted through distinct propagation paths. When properly decoded, this orthogonal multiplexing minimizes interference among data streams and enhances throughput. In Massive MIMO —a key concept in 5G systems—hundreds of antennas are used at the base station to achieve very high capacity and to enable beamforming or directional transmission. 1. Essential Characteristics of a MIMO System 1.1 Spatial Division Multiple Access (SD...