Skip to main content

Frequently Asked Questions about 5G | 1G to 5G, Side Effects, Modulation ...


5G Technology Questions and Answers

Following questions were raised by anonymous website visitors or readers to the online publishers. We'll check up a few queries among them below.

General 5G Questions

Reason behind change in network upgradation from 1G to 5G?

In a nutshell, the answer to this issue is that bandwidth demands are increasing. The bandwidth allotted to a specific service, for example, is fixed. Now, if the number of devices linked to the internet is growing by the day, what would you do to meet the increasing bandwidth demand?

As a result, every few decades, a whole new G (or generation in cellular wireless communication) appears to meet the required requirements. Read More ...

Does my PDA support 5G?

It is entirely dependent on the mobile or cell phone's operational frequency band. More specifically, the frequency band that your mobile antenna receives or broadcasts is determined by your antenna.

Can a CSE study 5G courses?

Prerequisites to pursuing a 5G course:

You must have some good understanding in previous G's especially in Telecommunication to pursue a 5G course. Here concept of cell, operating frequency, infrastructure all are different as compare to 3G or 4G network.

You must have basic knowledge about wireless channel model, modulation schemes used in 3G and 4G, antennas used in those technologies, etc. Knowledge on 5G MIMO Technology, SVD, UWB or millimeter wave is a big plus.

Any side effects of 5G cables overhead my house?

No

Any side effects of 5G cell tower around my house?

In reality, cell towers emit radiation at a level that is safe for humans. Only when you receive a call or your signal level drops, the cell tower provides more power to your phone. However, that power is also below the standard of safety.

5G Signal Processing & Technical Concepts

1) What waveform is used in 5G NR and why?

5G NR primarily uses CP-OFDM for both uplink and downlink.

  • Handles multipath fading efficiently
  • Supports high data rates
  • Flexible numerology

In uplink, DFT-s-OFDM is used to reduce PAPR.

2) What is Numerology in 5G?

Subcarrier spacing formula:

Δf = 15 × 2^μ kHz

μ = 0,1,2,3,4

3) Massive MIMO

Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays (e.g., 64, 128 antennas).

  • Beamforming gain
  • Spatial multiplexing
  • Increased capacity

4) Beamforming

Beamforming focuses signal energy in a specific direction using antenna arrays.

y = w^H x

5) Channel Estimation in 5G

  • DMRS
  • SRS
  • CSI-RS
H(k) = Y(k) / X(k)

6) PAPR

PAPR = max|x(t)|² / E[|x(t)|²]

7) LDPC and Polar Codes

  • LDPC – Data channels
  • Polar Codes – Control channels

8) LTE vs 5G Comparison

Feature LTE 5G
Numerology Fixed 15 kHz Scalable
Coding Turbo LDPC + Polar
MIMO Up to 8x8 Massive MIMO

9) What is mmWave?

Millimeter wave band provides huge bandwidth and ultra-low latency. Wavelength spans between 10 millimeter to 1 millimeter.

10) Role of FFT in 5G

  • Demodulation
  • Equalization
  • Channel estimation

Internet of Things (IoT)

How is career in IoT?

IoT professionals have a bright future. It can be used in home appliances, industries, hospitals, fleet management, traffic control, smart cities and more. Read more...

Which workshop is better for CSE students either IoT or robotics?

IOT based solar panel enabled extension box

The compact sensors with IOT is going to make huge impact in patients life

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Read more

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc (MATLAB + Simulator)

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...
Read more

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...(with Online Simulator)

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...
Read more

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
Read more

Doppler Delay

  Doppler Shift Formula When either the transmitter or the receiver is in motion, or when both are in motion, Doppler Shift is an essential parameter in wireless Communication. We notice variations in reception frequencies in vehicles, trains, or other similar environments. In plain language, the received signal frequency increases as the receiver moves toward the transmitter and drops as the receiver moves in the opposite direction of the transmitter. This phenomenon is called the Doppler shift or Doppler spread. Doppler Shift Formula: By equation,                fR = fT (+/-) fD                                      fR= receiving  frequency                                      fT= transmitted frequency              ...
Read more

Theoretical BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK with MATLAB Code + Simulator

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Theoretical BER vs SNR for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) for binary ASK depends on how binary bits are mapped to signal amplitudes. For typical cases: If bits are mapped to 1 and -1, the BER is: BER = Q(√(2 × SNR)) If bits are mapped to 0 and 1, the BER becomes: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Where: Q(x) is the Q-function: Q(x) = 0.5 × erfc(x / √2) SNR : Signal-to-Noise Ratio N₀ : Noise Power Spectral Density Understanding the Q-Function and BER for ASK Bit '0' transmits noise only Bit '1' transmits signal (1 + noise) Receiver decision threshold is 0.5 BER is given by: P b = Q(0.5 / σ) , where σ = √(N₀ / 2) Using SNR = (0.5)² / N₀, we get: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Theoretical BER vs ...
Read more

How Windowing Affects Your Periodogram

The windowed periodogram is a widely used technique for estimating the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a signal. It enhances the classical periodogram by mitigating spectral leakage through the application of a windowing function. This technique is essential in signal processing for accurate frequency-domain analysis.   Power Spectral Density (PSD) The PSD characterizes how the power of a signal is distributed across different frequency components. For a discrete-time signal, the PSD is defined as the Fourier Transform of the signal’s autocorrelation function: S x (f) = FT{R x (Ï„)} Here, R x (Ï„)}is the autocorrelation function. FT : Fourier Transform   Classical Periodogram The periodogram is a non-parametric PSD estimation method based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): P x (f) = \(\frac{1}{N}\) X(f) 2 Here: X(f): DFT of the signal x(n) N: Signal length However, the classical periodogram suffers from spectral leakage due to abrupt truncation of the ...
Read more

Theoretical vs. simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK (MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator for calculating BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating theoretical BER 🧮 MATLAB Codes for calculating simulated BER 📚 Further Reading BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received for a given signal-to-noise ratio, typically measured in dB. Common noise types in wireless systems: 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading AWGN adds random noise; Rayleigh fading attenuates the signal variably. A good SNR helps reduce these effects. Simulator for calculating BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER Calculate BER for Binary PSK Modulation Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR Curves MATLAB Code for Theoretical BER % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % SNR va...
Read more