Skip to main content

Frequently Asked Questions about 5G | 1G to 5G, Side Effects, Modulation ...


5G Technology Questions and Answers

Following questions were raised by anonymous website visitors or readers to the online publishers. We'll check up a few queries among them below.

General 5G Questions

Reason behind change in network upgradation from 1G to 5G?

In a nutshell, the answer to this issue is that bandwidth demands are increasing. The bandwidth allotted to a specific service, for example, is fixed. Now, if the number of devices linked to the internet is growing by the day, what would you do to meet the increasing bandwidth demand?

As a result, every few decades, a whole new G (or generation in cellular wireless communication) appears to meet the required requirements. Read More ...

Does my PDA support 5G?

It is entirely dependent on the mobile or cell phone's operational frequency band. More specifically, the frequency band that your mobile antenna receives or broadcasts is determined by your antenna.

Can a CSE study 5G courses?

Prerequisites to pursuing a 5G course:

You must have some good understanding in previous G's especially in Telecommunication to pursue a 5G course. Here concept of cell, operating frequency, infrastructure all are different as compare to 3G or 4G network.

You must have basic knowledge about wireless channel model, modulation schemes used in 3G and 4G, antennas used in those technologies, etc. Knowledge on 5G MIMO Technology, SVD, UWB or millimeter wave is a big plus.

Any side effects of 5G cables overhead my house?

No

Any side effects of 5G cell tower around my house?

In reality, cell towers emit radiation at a level that is safe for humans. Only when you receive a call or your signal level drops, the cell tower provides more power to your phone. However, that power is also below the standard of safety.

5G Signal Processing & Technical Concepts

1) What waveform is used in 5G NR and why?

5G NR primarily uses CP-OFDM for both uplink and downlink.

  • Handles multipath fading efficiently
  • Supports high data rates
  • Flexible numerology

In uplink, DFT-s-OFDM is used to reduce PAPR.

2) What is Numerology in 5G?

Subcarrier spacing formula:

Δf = 15 × 2^μ kHz

μ = 0,1,2,3,4

3) Massive MIMO

Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays (e.g., 64, 128 antennas).

  • Beamforming gain
  • Spatial multiplexing
  • Increased capacity

4) Beamforming

Beamforming focuses signal energy in a specific direction using antenna arrays.

y = w^H x

5) Channel Estimation in 5G

  • DMRS
  • SRS
  • CSI-RS
H(k) = Y(k) / X(k)

6) PAPR

PAPR = max|x(t)|² / E[|x(t)|²]

7) LDPC and Polar Codes

  • LDPC – Data channels
  • Polar Codes – Control channels

8) LTE vs 5G Comparison

Feature LTE 5G
Numerology Fixed 15 kHz Scalable
Coding Turbo LDPC + Polar
MIMO Up to 8x8 Massive MIMO

9) What is mmWave?

Millimeter wave band provides huge bandwidth and ultra-low latency. Wavelength spans between 10 millimeter to 1 millimeter.

10) Role of FFT in 5G

  • Demodulation
  • Equalization
  • Channel estimation

Internet of Things (IoT)

How is career in IoT?

IoT professionals have a bright future. It can be used in home appliances, industries, hospitals, fleet management, traffic control, smart cities and more. Read more...

Which workshop is better for CSE students either IoT or robotics?

IOT based solar panel enabled extension box

The compact sensors with IOT is going to make huge impact in patients life

📊 MATLAB & ONLINE SIMULATIONS (Web-Based)
🎓 GATE & UGC - NET SOLUTIONS
📡 WIRELESS & SIGNAL PROCESSING


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Q-function in BER vs SNR Calculation (with Simulation)

Q-function in BER vs. SNR Calculation In digital communications and signal processing, the Q-function plays a significant role in predicting system reliability. It allows engineers to quantify the probability that Gaussian noise will exceed a specific threshold, causing a bit error. What is the Q-function? The Q-function is a mathematical function representing the tail probability of the standard normal (Gaussian) distribution. It is the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of a standard Gaussian distribution. Q(x) = (1 / √(2Ï€)) ∫â‚“∞ e^(-t² / 2) dt Q-Function Interactive Simulator Move the slider to see how the "Tail Probability" (the area in red) changes. This area represents the Probability of Error (BER) . Threshold Distance ( x ) — (Simulates Increasing SNR) x = 1.0 Q(x) = 0.1587 ...
Read more

Design of CMOS Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK)

Design of CMOS Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK) A flip-flop or latch is a circuit with two stable states, used to store state information. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic and a fundamental building block in digital electronics systems, including computers and communication devices. Flip-flops and latches act as data storage elements for states, pulse counting, and synchronization of variably-timed input signals to a reference clock. Flip-flops can be transparent/opaque (latches) or clocked (synchronous, edge-triggered). Latches are level-sensitive, while flip-flops are edge-sensitive. In sequential logic, the output depends on current inputs and previous states. Fig.1 shows a sequential circuit combining a combinational block and a memory element. ...
Read more

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a method of controlling the average power delivered by an electrical signal.   Fig: An example of PWM in an idealized inductor driven by a blue line voltage source modulated as a series of sawtooth pulses, resulting in a red line current in the inductor.    Generating a PWM Signal The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the intersection method, which requires only a sawtooth or a triangle waveform (easily generated using a simple oscillator) and a comparator. When the value of the reference signal is more than the modulation waveform, the PWM signal (magenta) is in the high state; otherwise, it is in the low state.      Duty cycle A low duty cycle equates to low power because the power is off for most of the time; the word duty cycle reflects the ratio of "on" time to the regular interval or "period" of time. The duty cycle is measured in percent, with 100% representing full o...
Read more

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit f...
Read more

FFT Butterfly Method Explained (with Example of 4-point DFT)

  FFT Using Butterfly Method Given: x[n] = {0, 1, 2, 3} Step 1: Split into Even & Odd Even indices: x e = {0, 2} Odd indices: x o = {1, 3} Step 2: 2-point DFT For any {a, b}: DFT = {a + b, a - b} Even Part: E = {0+2, 0-2} = {2, -2} Odd Part: O = {1+3, 1-3} = {4, -2} Step 3: Combine Using Butterfly X[k] = E[k] + W k O[k] X[k + N/2] = E[k] - W k O[k] For N = 4: W 0 = 1 W 1 = -j Final Calculations X[0] = 2 + 4 = 6 X[2] = 2 - 4 = -2 X[1] = -2 + (-j)(-2) = -2 + 2j X[3] = -2 - (-j)(-2) = -2 - 2j Final Answer: X[k] = {6, -2 + 2j, -2, -2 - 2j} Try Interactive Online Simulations Interactive FFT Online Simulator (For understanding Fundamentals)  Interactive FFT Online Simulator (Analyze .CSV, .MP3, .MP4, etc. Further Reading Fourier Transform OFDM Return to Fourier Transform Main Page →
Read more

AM Modulation Online Simulator

Amplitude Modulation Simulator s AM (t) = A c [1 + k a m(t)] cos(ω c t) where, ω = 2πf & k a = Amplitude Sensitivity Modulation index, μ = k a A m Message Frequency (fm): Carrier Frequency (fc): Carrier Amplitude (Ac): Modulation Index (m = Am / Ac):
Read more

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulat...
Read more

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation & Demodulation (with Simulation)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Theoretical Foundations: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a discrete frequency modulation scheme wherein the digital information is encoded via instantaneous shifts in the carrier signal's frequency. The fundamental implementation is Binary FSK (BFSK), which maps binary data onto two distinct, discrete spectral states. A binary '1' (the "mark" state) is represented by a carrier frequency \( f_1 \), while a binary '0' (the "space" state) corresponds to frequency \( f_2 \). Each symbol is sustained for a bit interval denoted by \( T_b \). FSK Transmitter Characterization: The mathematical model for the modulated BFSK output \( s(t) \) is defined as: \[ s(t) = \begin{cases} A_c \cos(2\pi f_1 t), & \text{for } m = 1 \\ A_c \cos(2\pi f_2 t), & \text{for } m = 0 \end{cases} \] ...
Read more