We are all aware that a noise signal is added to a signal as it is transmitted from transmitter to receiver, especially when using a wireless channel. Although we can't entirely eliminate such noise signals. With a better understanding of noise, its pattern, etc., we may be able to recover the original transmitted data.
For a typical wireless communication process,
y = x + n
where x and y are the transmitted and received signals, respectively, and n stands for noise.
We can see that the standard deviation and mean of the gaussian noise represent the entirety of the noise pattern in the abovementioned PDF of the gaussian random variable. These two variables are crucial for almost all noise types.
The sample values' standard deviation indicates how they vary from one another. It offers us a general sense of the range in which the signal parameter falls (for example, the amplitude of the signal). The image above is a PDF and not the actual gaussian noise signal. The mean value of gaussian noise may therefore be confusing to many of you. This is how a signal with gaussian noise appears.
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Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as, In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits) On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels. What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance, the s...
Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK %Written by Salim Wireless %Visit www.salimwireless.com for study materials on wireless communication %or, if you want to learn how to code in MATLAB clc; clear; close all; % Parameters num_symbols = 1e5; % Number of symbols snr_db = -20:2:20; % Range of SNR values in dB % PSK and QAM orders to be tested psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; % Initialize BER arrays ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); % BER calculation for each PSK order and SNR value for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) % Generate random symbols data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symb...
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