Transistor Power Loss Given β min = 8 R C = 11 Ω V CC = 200 V V CE(sat) = 1 V V BE(sat) = 1.5 V Overdrive factor = 5 Collector Saturation Current I C = (V CC − V CE(sat) ) / R C I C = (200 − 1) / 11 = 18.09 A Forced Beta β f = 8 / 5 = 1.6 Therefore, the base current is: I B = I C / β f I B = 18.09 / 1.6 = 11.31 A Power Loss P = V CE(sat) I C + V BE(sat) I B P = (1)(18.09) + (1.5)(11.31) P ≈ 18.09 + 16.97 = 35.06 W Therefore, P ≈ 35.07 W . Answer: A (35.07 W) Browse All Solved Papers (2012 - 2025) → ...

FDM Bandwidth Given There are 10 channels , each having a bandwidth of 50 kHz . Channel Bandwidth 10 × 50 = 500 kHz There are 10 − 1 = 9 guard bands , with each guard band having a bandwidth of 1 kHz. 9 × 1 = 9 kHz Hence, the total FDM bandwidth is: BW = 500 + 9 = 509 kHz Answer: C (509 kHz) Browse All Solved Papers (2012 - 2025) → UGC-NET : Electronics Science Study Material (Subject: 088) → Further Reading: GATE EC Previous Year Papers with Solutions

VSB Transmitter Given VSB transmitted power, P VSB = 0.625 kW Modulation index, m = 0.6 Vestige = 25% = 0.25 VSB Power Equation For a VSB transmitter: P VSB = m 2 / 4 P c (1 + 0.25) Substituting the given values: 0.625 = (0.6) 2 / 4 P c (1.25) Therefore, P c = (0.625 × 4) / (0.36 × 1.25) P c = 5.56 kW Answer: B (5.56 kW) Browse All Solved Papers (2012 - 2025) → UGC-NET : Electronics Science Study Material (Subject: 088) → Further Reading: GATE EC Previous Year Papers with Solutions

  MSK Demodulation Instructions for Minimum Shift Keying Modulation (MSK) Note: Use the input fields to enter the number of bits, carrier frequency (Hz), and the baud rate (Hz) Step 1: Click on 'Generate Message' button to generate input message signal Step 2: Then click on 'Generate NRZ Signal' button to generate NRZ signal Step 3: Click on 'Generate Carrier' button to generate carrier signal Step 4: Click on 'Evaluate Baseband Phase' to view the baseband phase for MSK Step 5: Click on 'Generate MSK Signal' button to generate Minimum Shift Keying Signal In MSK, the frequency shift is half the baud rate. MSK represents the "1" bit with a frequency slightly higher than the carrier, fc + (baud rate)/4 and the "0" b...

MSK Waveform Generator Standard: Minimum Shift Keying num bits Input Bitstream Baud Rate ($R_b$) Mod. Index ($h$) Carrier (Hz) Step 1: Original Message Bits Step 2: NRZ Encoding $m(t) = \sum a_n \cdot rect(t-nT)$ Step 3: Carrier Plot Step 4: Linear Phase Trajectory $\phi(t) = \frac{\pi}{2T} \int m(\tau) d\tau$ Ste...

RF Signal Simulator Mixer Oscillator Amplifier Simulate Reset FM Parameters Carrier Frequency fc (Hz) Carrier Amplitude Ac Message Frequency fm (Hz) Message Amplitude Am Frequency Deviation Δf (Hz) Phase Sensitivity kp (rad/unit) RF F...

  For demodulation In general: 1. Synchronous (coherent) demodulation Receiver generates a local carrier/oscillator . It combines/multiplies the received signal with that carrier. Then a filter extracts the message. Received signal ↓ × Local oscillator ↓ Low-pass filter ↓ Message So yes, carrier multiplication is a common implementation of synchronous demodulation . 2. Asynchronous (non-coherent) demodulation Receiver doesn't need a phase-synchronized local carrier . It uses properties of the received signal itself to recover the information. For ASK , an envelope detector is the classic example: ASK signal ↓ Diode + RC ↓ Envelope ↓ Comparator ↓ Data Modulation Synchronous demodulation Non-coherent/asynchronous demodulation ASK/OOK Local carrier + multiplier Envelope detector AM Product detector Envelope detector FSK Coherent correlator/mixer Frequency discriminator, filters, etc. PSK Local synchronized carrier + multiplier Differential/n...

PSK Demodulation Instructions for Phase Shift Keying Modulation (PSK) Step 1: Click on 'Generate Message' button to generate input message signal Step 2: Then click on 'Generate Carrier' button to generate carrier signal Step 3: You can change the carrier signal frequency from the input fields Step 4: Click on 'Simulate PSK' button to generate Phase Shift Keying Signal Carrier Frequency in Hz: π π/2 Sampling Frequency in Hz: ...