Skip to main content

Full-scale Deflection with Example

 

Shunt Resistance Concept

Core Idea

Your meter can only safely carry a very small current:
300 ΞA is its full-scale deflection (FSD) limit.
But you want to measure a much larger current: 5 A.

So you cannot send all 5 A through the meter — it would burn out.

What do we do instead?

We use a low-resistance shunt connected in parallel with the meter.

  • Small current → through meter
  • Large remaining current → through shunt

Key Principle

Both meter and shunt are in parallel, so:

Voltage across meter = Voltage across shunt

How current splits

  • Meter takes: 300 ΞA
  • Shunt takes: almost entire 5 A

Why it works

From Ohm’s Law:

I = V / R

  • Meter has higher resistance (75 ÎĐ) → less current
  • Shunt has very small resistance (~0.0045 ÎĐ) → more current flows

Big Picture

  • Protecting the meter
  • Extending its range
  • Turning a microamp device into a 5 A ammeter

Summary

A shunt resistor allows a small-current meter to measure large currents by diverting most of the current while keeping the same voltage across both paths.

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...(with Online Simulator)

ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...
Read more

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR ðŸ§Ū Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... ðŸ§Ū Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM ðŸ§Ū Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme ðŸ§Ū Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Read more

MATLAB Codes for Various types of beamforming | Beam Steering, Digital...

📘 How Beamforming Improves SNR ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Beamforming in MATLAB ... MIMO / Massive MIMO Beamforming Techniques Beamforming Techniques MATLAB Codes for Beamforming... How Beamforming Improves SNR The mathematical [↗] and theoretical aspects of beamforming [↗] have already been covered. We'll talk about coding in MATLAB in this tutorial so that you may generate results for different beamforming approaches. Let's go right to the content of the article. In analog beamforming, certain codebooks are employed on the TX and RX sides to select the best beam pairs. Because of their beamforming gains, communication created through the strongest beams from both the TX and RX side enhances spectrum efficiency. Additionally, beamforming gain directly impacts SNR improvement. Wireless communication system capacity = bandwidth*log2(1+SNR)...
Read more

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
Read more

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc (MATLAB + Simulator)

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...
Read more

Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Modulation Techniques (AM, FM, and PM)

📘 Overview ðŸ§Ū Amplitude Modulation (AM) ðŸ§Ū Online Amplitude Modulation Simulator ðŸ§Ū MATLAB Code for AM ðŸ§Ū Q & A and Summary 📚 Further Reading Amplitude Modulation (AM): The carrier signal's amplitude varies linearly with the amplitude of the message signal. An AM wave may thus be described, in the most general form, as a function of time as follows .                       When performing amplitude modulation (AM) with a carrier frequency of 100 Hz and a message frequency of 10 Hz, the resulting peak frequencies are as follows: 90 Hz (100 - 10 Hz), 100 Hz, and 110 Hz (100 + 10 Hz). Figure: Frequency Spectrums of AM Signal (Lower Sideband, Carrier, and Upper Sideband) A low-frequency message signal is modulated with a high-frequency carrier wave using a local oscillator to make communication possible. DSB, SSB, and VSB are common amplitude modulation techniques. We find a lot of bandwi...
Read more

Shannon Limit Explained: Negative SNR, Eb/No and Channel Capacity

Understanding Negative SNR and the Shannon Limit Understanding Negative SNR and the Shannon Limit An explanation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), its behavior in decibels, and how Shannon's theorem defines the ultimate communication limit. Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Shannon’s Equation In Shannon's equation, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is defined as the signal power divided by the noise power: SNR = S / N Since both signal power and noise power are physical quantities, neither can be negative. Therefore, the SNR itself is always a positive number. However, engineers often express SNR in decibels: SNR(dB) When SNR = 1, the logarithmic value becomes: SNR(dB) = 0 When the noise power exceeds the signal power (SNR < 1), the decibel representation becomes negative. Behavior of Shannon's Capacity Equation Shannon’s channel capacity formula is: C = B log₂(1 + SNR) For SNR = 0: log₂(1 + SNR) = 0 When SNR becomes smaller (in...
Read more

Analog vs Digital Modulation Techniques | Advantages of Digital ...

Modulation Techniques Analog vs Digital Modulation Techniques... In the previous article, we've talked about the need for modulation and we've also talked about analog & digital modulations briefly. In this article, we'll discuss the main difference between analog and digital modulation in the case of digital modulation it takes a digital signal for modulation whereas analog modulator takes an analog signal.  Advantages of Digital Modulation over Analog Modulation Digital Modulation Techniques are Bandwidth efficient Its have good resistance against noise It can easily multiple various types of audio, voice signal As it is good noise resistant so we can expect good signal strength So, it leads high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Alternatively, it provides a high data rate or throughput Digital Modulation Techniques have better swathing capability as compared to Analog Modulation Techniques  The digital system provides better security than the a...
Read more