Indian Philosophy vs Western Philosophy

 

Nyāya Logic (Indian Philosophy) 

Five-member Syllogism (Pañcāvayava-vākya)

This is where Udāharaṇa appears.

1. Pratijñā – Statement to be proved (The hill has fire)
2. Hetu – Reason (Because there is smoke)
3. Udāharaṇa – Example showing universal relation
4. Upanaya – Application to the case
5. Nigamana – Conclusion

2. Nyāya (Indian Philosophy vs Western Philosophy

Key Differences

Aspect	Nyāya Philosophy (Indian)	Western Philosophy
Syllogism Structure	Five-member (Pratijñā, Hetu, Udāharaṇa, Upanaya, Nigamana)	Three-member (Major premise, Minor premise, Conclusion)
Example Use	Udāharaṇa explicitly included	Example usually implicit
Means of Knowledge	Four Pramāṇas (Perception, Inference, Comparison, Testimony)	Mainly Perception and Reason (Empiricism & Rationalism)
Authority (Śabda)	Accepted as valid source of knowledge	Generally questioned or limited
Goal	Liberation (Mokṣa) + correct knowledge	Truth, knowledge, logic (more theoretical)

Example Comparison

Nyāya (5 steps):
The hill has fire (Pratijñā)
Because there is smoke (Hetu)
Where there is smoke, there is fire (Udāharaṇa)
The hill has smoke (Upanaya)
Therefore, the hill has fire (Nigamana)

Western (3 steps):
All places with smoke have fire (Major premise)
The hill has smoke (Minor premise)
Therefore, the hill has fire (Conclusion)

Summary

• Nyāya uses 5-step inference
• Western logic uses 3-step syllogism