Nyāya Logic (Indian Philosophy)

1. Five-member Syllogism (Pañcāvayava-vākya)

This is where Udāharaṇa appears.

1. Pratijñā (Proposition)
   Statement to be proved
   Example: “The hill has fire.”
2. Hetu (Reason)
   Logical reason
   Example: “Because there is smoke.”
3. Udāharaṇa (Example)
   Universal relation (Vyāpti) with example
   Example: “Wherever there is smoke, there is fire—like in a kitchen.”
4. Upanaya (Application)
   Applying the rule to the case
   Example: “The hill has smoke of that kind.”
5. Nigamana (Conclusion)
   Final conclusion
   Example: “Therefore, the hill has fire.”

Udāharaṇa = Example demonstrating universal relation (Vyāpti)

2. Four Pramāṇas (Means of Valid Knowledge in Nyāya)

This is where Upamāna appears.

• Pratyakṣa (Perception)
  Knowledge through senses
• Anumāna (Inference)
  Logical reasoning
• Upamāna (Comparison/Analogy)
  Knowledge through similarity
  Example: Learning what a "gavaya" (wild cow) is by comparing it to a cow
• Śabda (Verbal Testimony)
  Reliable authority (like Vedas or trustworthy persons)

Upamāna = Knowledge by comparison/analogy

Quick Comparison

Term	Belongs to	Meaning
Udāharaṇa	Syllogism	Example proving universal relation
Upamāna	Pramāṇa	Knowledge by comparison

Summary

Nyāya Syllogism (5 steps)

• Pratijñā
• Hetu
• Udāharaṇa
• Upanaya
• Nigamana

Nyāya Pramāṇas (4)

• Pratyakṣa
• Anumāna
• Upamāna
• Śabda