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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...

Theoretical BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK with MATLAB Code + Simulator

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Theoretical BER vs SNR for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) for binary ASK depends on how binary bits are mapped to signal amplitudes. For typical cases: If bits are mapped to 1 and -1, the BER is: BER = Q(√(2 × SNR)) If bits are mapped to 0 and 1, the BER becomes: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Where: Q(x) is the Q-function: Q(x) = 0.5 × erfc(x / √2) SNR : Signal-to-Noise Ratio N₀ : Noise Power Spectral Density Understanding the Q-Function and BER for ASK Bit '0' transmits noise only Bit '1' transmits signal (1 + noise) Receiver decision threshold is 0.5 BER is given by: P b = Q(0.5 / σ) , where σ = √(N₀ / 2) Using SNR = (0.5)² / N₀, we get: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Theoretical BER vs ...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...

How Windowing Affects Your Periodogram

The windowed periodogram is a widely used technique for estimating the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a signal. It enhances the classical periodogram by mitigating spectral leakage through the application of a windowing function. This technique is essential in signal processing for accurate frequency-domain analysis.   Power Spectral Density (PSD) The PSD characterizes how the power of a signal is distributed across different frequency components. For a discrete-time signal, the PSD is defined as the Fourier Transform of the signal’s autocorrelation function: S x (f) = FT{R x (Ï„)} Here, R x (Ï„)}is the autocorrelation function. FT : Fourier Transform   Classical Periodogram The periodogram is a non-parametric PSD estimation method based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): P x (f) = \(\frac{1}{N}\) X(f) 2 Here: X(f): DFT of the signal x(n) N: Signal length However, the classical periodogram suffers from spectral leakage due to abrupt truncation of the ...

MATLAB code for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Demodulation

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 Quantization in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Digital data 🧮 Other Pulse Modulation Techniques (e.g., PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM) 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation clc; close all; clear all; fm=input('Enter the message frequency (in Hz): '); fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency (in Hz): '); L=input('Enter the number of the quantization levels: '); n = log2(L); t=0:1/fs:1; % fs nuber of samples have tobe selected s=8*sin(2*pi*fm*t); subplot(3,1,1); t=0:1/(length(s)-1):1; plot(t,s); title('Analog Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(t,s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->'); % Quantization Process vmax=8; vmin=-vmax; %to quanti...

MATLAB Code for QPSK Modulation and Demodulation

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Theory 🧮 BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc 📚 Further Reading   Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys two bits per symbol by changing the phase of the carrier signal. Each pair of bits is mapped to one of four possible phase shifts: 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270° 00  ===> 0 degree phase shift of carrier signal 01  ===> 90 degree 11  ===> 180 degree 10  ===> 270 degree   MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; clc; M = 4; data = randi([0 (M-1)], 1000, 1); Phase = 0; modData=pskmod(data,M,Phase); figure(1); scatterplot(modData); channelAWGN = 15; rxData2 = awgn(modData, channelAWGN); figure(2); scatterplot(rxData2); demodData = pskdemod(rxData2,M,Phase);   Result data 1 0 2 2 0 2 1 . . . modData -1.00000000000000 + 1.22464679914735e-16i -1.83697019872103e-16 - 1.000000000000...

MATLAB Codes for Various types of beamforming | Beam Steering, Digital...

📘 How Beamforming Improves SNR 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Beamforming in MATLAB ... MIMO / Massive MIMO Beamforming Techniques Beamforming Techniques MATLAB Codes for Beamforming... How Beamforming Improves SNR The mathematical [↗] and theoretical aspects of beamforming [↗] have already been covered. We'll talk about coding in MATLAB in this tutorial so that you may generate results for different beamforming approaches. Let's go right to the content of the article. In analog beamforming, certain codebooks are employed on the TX and RX sides to select the best beam pairs. Because of their beamforming gains, communication created through the strongest beams from both the TX and RX side enhances spectrum efficiency. Additionally, beamforming gain directly impacts SNR improvement. Wireless communication system capacity = bandwidth*log2(1+SNR)...

MATLAB Code for ASK, FSK, and PSK (with Online Simulator)

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Code for ASK 🧮 MATLAB Code for FSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for PSK 🧮 Simulator for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Modulations 📚 Further Reading ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Code MATLAB Code for ASK Modulation and Demodulation % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com % Clear previous data and plots clc; clear all; close all; % Parameters Tb = 1; % Bit duration (s) fc = 10; % Carrier frequency (Hz) N_bits = 10; % Number of bits Fs = 100 * fc; % Sampling frequency (ensure at least 2*fc, more for better representation) Ts = 1/Fs; % Sampling interval samples_per_bit = Fs * Tb; % Number of samples per bit duration % Generate random binary data rng(10); % Set random seed for reproducibility binary_data = randi([0, 1], 1, N_bits); % Generate random binary data (0 or 1) % Initialize arrays for continuous signals t_overall = 0:Ts:(N_bits...