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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Simulator for m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as, In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits) On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels. What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance,...

Power Spectral Density Calculation Using FFT in MATLAB

📘 Overview 🧮 Steps to calculate the PSD of a signal 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Power spectral density (PSD) tells us how the power of a signal is distributed across different frequency components, whereas Fourier Magnitude gives you the amplitude (or strength) of each frequency component in the signal. Steps to calculate the PSD of a signal Firstly, calculate the first Fourier transform (FFT) of a signal Then, calculate the Fourier magnitude of the signal The power spectrum is the square of the Fourier magnitude To calculate power spectrum density (PSD), divide the power spectrum by the total number of samples and the frequency resolution. {Frequency resolution = (sampling frequency / total number of samples)} Sampling frequency (fs): The rate at which the continuous-time signal is sampled (in Hz). Total number of samples (N): The number of samples in the time-domain signal used for the DFT/FFT. Suppose: ...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb or -√Eb (they differ by 180 degree phase shift), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. Simulator for BASK, BPSK, and BFSK Constellation Diagrams SNR (dB): 15 Add A...

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator 🧮 Noise Sensitivity, Bandwidth, Complexity, etc. 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Some Questions and Answers 📚 Further Reading Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Simulator for Calculating Bandwidth of ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second. Both baud rate and bit rate are same for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK. Select Modulation Type: ASK FSK PSK Baud Rate or Bit Rate (bps): Frequency Deviation (Hz) for FSK: Calculate Bandwidth Comparison among ASK, FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity: - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its r...

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Simulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK using MATLAB Simulink

ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Simulation Simulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using MATLAB Simulink In Simulink, we pick different components/elements from MATLAB Simulink Library. Then we connect the components and perform a particular operation. Result A sine wave source, a pulse generator, a product block, a mux, and a scope are shown in the diagram above. The pulse generator generates the '1' and '0' bit sequences. Sine wave sources produce a specific amplitude and frequency. The scope displays the modulated signal as well as the original bit sequence created by the pulse generator. Mux is a tool for displaying both modulated and unmodulated signals at the same time. The result section shows that binary '1' is modulated by a certain sine wave amplitude of 1 Volt, and binary '0' is modulated by zero amplitude. Simulation of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using MATLAB Simulink Result The diagram above shows t...

Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading

📘 Introduction, AWGN, and Rayleigh Fading 🧮 Simulator for the effect of AWGN and Rayleigh Fading on a BPSK Signal 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or additive white gaussian noise [↗] , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way. Fig: Rayleigh Fading due to multi-paths Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = h*x + n ... (i) Symbol '*' represents convolution. The transmitted signal x is multiplied by the channel coefficient or channel impulse response (h) in the equation above, and the symbol "n" stands for the white Gaussian noise that is added to the si...

Pathloss : Large Scale & Small Scale Pathloss and Pathloss Exponent 'n'

📘 Overview 🧮 Free Space Pathloss 🧮 Close-in Path Loss Model 🧮 Large Scale Pathloss 🧮 Small Scale Pathloss 🧮 Path loss exponent 'n' 📚 Further Reading Wireless Communication Pathloss : Large Scale & Small Scale Pathloss... In wireless communication , the path loss is proportional to the square of the operating carrier frequency. As a result, the higher the frequency, the greater the path loss. Although path loss is affected by several parameters, including fading, shadowing, angle of arrival (AOA), and angle of departure (AOD), and others. In comparison to lesser frequencies, when the frequency is extremely high, it is easily absorbed by atmospheric gases, vapor, and rain. In the case of higher frequencies , however, the penetration loss is also greater. Path loss is linearly proportional to the carrier frequency, according to Firs' free space path loss. Path loss parameters are often di...

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