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Hall Effect Explained

 

Hall Effect

Hall Effect

Definition

The Hall effect occurs when a current flows through a conductor or semiconductor and a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to it. This causes charge carriers to deflect to one side, creating a voltage difference called the Hall voltage.

Hall Effect Semiconductor I × × × × × × B into page (×) + + − − Hall voltage Vโ‚• I = Current | B = Magnetic field | Vโ‚• = Hall voltage × represents a magnetic field directed into the page

How It Works

  1. Current flows through a material (left to right).
  2. A magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the current.
  3. Charge carriers are pushed sideways due to magnetic force.
  4. Charges accumulate on one side, creating a voltage.

Key Formula

VH = (B × I) / (n × q × t)
  • VH = Hall voltage
  • B = Magnetic field strength
  • I = Current
  • n = Charge carrier density
  • q = Charge of an electron
  • t = Thickness of the material
  • Determines type of charge carriers (electrons or holes)
  • Used to measure magnetic field strength
  • More prominent in semiconductors than metals

Applications

  • Magnetic field sensors (Hall sensors)
  • Current sensing devices
  • Position and speed detection (motors)
  • Proximity sensors in smartphones and automotive systems
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