Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) is the technique used to enable multiple signals from multiple users to share a single communication channel when CDM is utilized. Individual talks are encoded in a digital sequence, and each group of users is given a shared code. The users connected with a specific code can only access the data that is available on the shared channel. Walsh-Hadamard codes are designed to provide efficient and orthogonal coding sequences, which allow multiple signals or users to share the same frequency band without interfering with each other Example: H2  = [1, 1 ; 1, −1)] ;                  H4  = [1, 1, 1, 1; 1, −1, 1, −1; 1, 1, −1, −1 ; 1, −1, −1, 1 ] Each row in the above matrices represents a codeword The dot product of any two distinct codewords is 0 Consider that there are four stations, w, x, y, and z, that have been assigned the codes cw, cx, cy, and cz and need to transmit data dw, dx, dy, a...

  2G connectivity was introduced in the mid-1990s. It exposed us to data networks, or PSDNs, and voice communication through phone calls. In the case of 2G GSM, each communication channel had a frequency of 200 KHz and could connect up to eight users at once. FDM (frequency division multiplexing) and TDM (time division multiplexing) were two popular modulation techniques for 2G. (time division multiplexing). But why are we talking about 2G here? G's have evolved primarily in operating frequency, bandwidth, and modulation techniques. Similarly, the bandwidth of each channel in 3G is about 1.25 MHz. The frequency range for 4G will be between 5 and 20 MHz. FDMA (frequency division multiplexing access), TDMA (time division multiplexing access), and CDMA (code division multiplexing access) were the most prevalent modulation techniques for 3G. (code division multiplexing access). For 3G, CDMA was a common modulation technique. 3G was launched in 2001, while 4G was launched around 20...

  Yeah. Telecom experience can help you indirectly to pursue a career in networking filed. It can assist you, but computer networking is a separate domain. Some telecommunication concepts, such as routing and switching, modem, switch, router, TCP/IP, and so on, are shared by both fields. In telecommunications, we primarily concentrate on modulation techniques, uplink-downlink frequencies, base stations, user equipment, transmitting antennas, switching, power supply, fibre optic maintenance, billing, and so on. The networking field differs slightly from the telecommunications field. We will primarily focus on computer connections, DHCP, TCP/IP, routing and switching, proper and sequential transmission of data packets from one computer to another, server-to-client computer communication, network security, and so on. Most important individual networking devices are -- Bridge, Hub, Switch, Router, Modem, Repeater, Gateway, etc. 

  To get a job in the electronics and telecommunications industry, you must have a solid understanding of basic communication systems, such as how signals are modulated, the concept of wireless or wired channels, random variables, basic trigonometry used in wireless communication, and so on. You should also be familiar with mobile wireless generations in telecommunications. Routing and switching, TCP/IP suite, operating system fundamentals, and so on are required to work in telecommunications. In addition to the above requirements, candidates with strong knowledge of any programming language, such as C or C++, or Python, are preferred nowadays. You are welcome to apply for a telecommunications job if you are only interested in communication systems; otherwise, it is not for you. Our blog/website focuses on basic wireless communication systems, telecommunication, and modern wireless communication technologies such as 5G technology, Massive MIMO systems, IoTs, etc. You can learn more...

  Significance of Network ID in data transmission Last Updated: 7/1/22 To transfer data packets from one computer to another, some protocol is used. The procedure is analogous to postal mail delivery. If you want to send a letter to a friend who lives 500 miles away, the corresponding office will handle the backend process of getting your letter to your friend. TCP/IP is a popular internet transmission protocol for transferring data packets from one computer to another. The network ID is the destination network's address as well as the host's address. TCP/IP transports the following data: Source address  Destination address (network address + host address) Checksum Data, etc When two computers are connected to the same network, there is no need for routing. However, it is less likely. When you send a from your computer, it is routed through several intermediate networks / routers. The number of intermediate routers is referred to as the 'number of hops.' Computer networ...

  Doppler Shift Formula When either the transmitter or the receiver is in motion, or when both are in motion, Doppler Shift is an essential parameter in wireless Communication. We notice variations in reception frequencies in vehicles, trains, or other similar environments. In plain language, the received signal frequency increases as the receiver moves toward the transmitter and drops as the receiver moves in the opposite direction of the transmitter. This phenomenon is called the Doppler shift or Doppler spread. Doppler Shift Formula: By equation,                fR = fT (+/-) fD                                      fR= receiving  frequency                                      fT= transmitted frequency              ...

📘 Overview 📘 LARGE SCALE FADING 📘 SMALL SCALE FADING 📘 SLOW FADING 📘 FAST FADING 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading LARGE SCALE FADING The term 'Large scale fading' is used to describe variations in received signal power over a long distance, usually just considering shadowing.  Assume that a transmitter (say, a cell tower) and a receiver  (say, your smartphone) are in constant communication. Take into account the fact that you are in a moving vehicle. An obstacle, such as a tall building, comes between your cell tower and your vehicle's line of sight (LOS) path. Then you'll notice a decline in the power of your received signal on the spectrogram. Large-scale fading is the term for this type of phenomenon. SMALL SCALE FADING  Small scale fading is a term that describes rapid fluctuations in the received signal power on a small time scale. This includes multipath propagation effects as well as movement-induced Doppler fr...

  By typing in our browser, we can find any content, video, or other information on the internet. Our smartphones, laptops, and PDAs then transmit an electrical signal to a nearby cell tower or Wi-Fi router. In plain language we call it a "http request". The DNS server is then contacted. The IP addresses of the websites are stored on the DNS server. For example, in your browser's search box, you type "http://www.example.com." Your smartphone then generates an electrical signal containing the data you've searched for. The data is then transferred to the DNS server via your cell tower and fibre optic connections. The DNS server then looks for "http://www.example.com"'s IP address.  The specific request (together with the IP address) is then forwarded to the webserver. The Webserver then sends HTML files (request files of a particular website) to the computer that generated the request. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files are all transmitted to the ...

It is quite simple: you'll need a modem to connect your device to the internet. Modem  performs proper modulation and demodulation. Actually, you could think of it this way: whatever data you're browsing, the search results comes from a web server or data server. That portion of internet is referred to as the core network. In most cases, your laptop generates digital data. However, communication mediums include wireless channels, coaxial cables, and fiber optics etc., are analogue in nature. A modem is required to convert analogue to digital data and vice versa. You just need a modem if you simply need to connect one device to the internet. A router is required if you want to connect several devices.  Even then, a modem is necessary. Now we'll talk about how a router works. A modem and a router serve different purposes. As an interference between your computer and the core network, a modem is required. Because internet data signals are analog, and your computer can only ...

  'Modem' is the abbreviation of modulation and demodulation . The importance of modulation and demodulation in a communication system has already been discussed. We usually use a modem when we need to connect our laptops to cellular networks. If you think this is the only modem application, you are wrong. Almost all devices require a modem or router to connect to the internet. Even your cell phone contains a modem. We usually use a telecommunication line, cable, or fiber optics to connect one cell tower to another. Copper wires were commonly used in the past. Fiber optics has since taken its place. The only wireless connection is between your device and the cell tower. Now we'll talk about what modems do. As we know, communication mediums like — wireless channels, cables, telecommunication lines, fiber optics, etc. - are all analog in nature.   Digital data cannot be sent directly to analog mediums. We convert digital data / quantized digital into analog waveforms via mo...

Mobile Wireless Generations Specifications  1G  Voice, Analog traffic, FDMA  2G  Voice, SMS, CS data transfer, TDMA  3G  Voice, SMS, PS data transfer, CDMA  4G  PS data, VOIP, OFDMA 5G OFDMA, NOMA, Beamforming   1G We've all heard about the evolution of G's, or, to put it another way, the evolution of wireless cellular networks from 1G to 5G. 1G (the first generation of wireless networks) was introduced in 1981. Only voice communication (by analog signals) was supported in 1G. It was able to handle a data rate of 2.4 kbps). There was no data communication. AMPS (Advanced mobile phone system), NMTS (nordic mobile phone system), TACS (total access communication system), etc. were the most popular 1G-access technologies at that time.  2G 2G was launched in the mid-1990s, providing PSDN or data communication as well as v...

◈ What is Routing & Switching ◈ IPv4 vs IPv6 Routing is the process of sending data from a source to a destination along a specific path. For example, your device is linked to a nearby router, and the device to which you wish to transfer data is likewise connected to a nearby router, with some intermediate routers in between. That is all there is to it. By which device routing is processed is called router. Routing takes place at the network layer. Switching, on the other hand, is a method of sending data from a source to a destination by splitting it into many frames and sending it through different ports of a router rather than broadcasting to all ports. As a result, it is common for frames or data packets to arrive at their intended address via several routing paths. It is not necessary for all packets to arrive at receiver thru same path in a datagram network or packet switching network (where routers construct paths for data transit), nor is it necessary for all packets to a...

Modulation Techniques FDMA, TDMA, & CDMA Two key modulation techniques utilized in 2G GSM are TDM and FDM. The advantages of modulation techniques have already been explored. TDM and FDM allow several data streams to pass through the channel between transmitter and receiver at the same time. We can figure out what they are based on their names. For example, each GSM channel has a bandwidth of 200 KHz. Furthermore, a single channel can connect up to eight users at the same time.   1. FDMA: Frequency division multiplexing access (FDMA) is an acronym for frequency division multiplexing. The entire available bandwidth is subdivided into several sections using this strategy. Each sub band is assigned to a certain device. It's also feasible to apply TDMA on each of the sub bands separately.   2. TDMA: Time division multiplexing access (TDMA) is an acronym for time division multiplexing. TDMA is a modulation technology that allows us to connect m...