Skip to main content

HTTP protocol : how web browsers work

 

By typing in our browser, we can find any content, video, or other information on the internet. Our smartphones, laptops, and PDAs then transmit an electrical signal to a nearby cell tower or Wi-Fi router. In plain language we call it a "http request". The DNS server is then contacted. The IP addresses of the websites are stored on the DNS server. For example, in your browser's search box, you type "http://www.example.com." Your smartphone then generates an electrical signal containing the data you've searched for. The data is then transferred to the DNS server via your cell tower and fibre optic connections. The DNS server then looks for "http://www.example.com"'s IP address. The specific request (together with the IP address) is then forwarded to the webserver. The Webserver then sends HTML files (request files of a particular website) to the computer that generated the request. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files are all transmitted to the desired smartphone or computer. The specific web page is then shown on your end through your web browser.

When we search the internet, we don't just get responses from web servers. Databases or Data Servers display data the majority of the time. For instance, suppose you're looking for your semester's results on your college's website. Then you enter your name, roll number, password, and other personal information. And you can see the result. Where all of the students' results are stored in a database. Others will be unable to see your results on your college's website unless they have the right credentials, password, and so on. The Web Server only shows HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files that create divisions, menus, dropdown menus, slideshows, different colors, texts, and different forms (where you enter information such as username and password), among other things.

Similarly, any website or portal that collects your information stores it in its databases. If you try to access your account later, it will display the data kept in their databases. On practically every online platform, such as food ordering sites, shopping sites, and so on, similar things happen.

We can conclude that databases or data servers can only show data to the intended users if valid credentials are entered. Web Server, on the other hand, just sends the HTML files and your browser displays the HTML files that forms the front end of your webpage (templates, etc.), whereas servers handle all backend operations, processing, and so on. After all, we can manipulate data in the backend (in databases or data servers).  

The answer will be lengthy if you inquire about the entire procedure in the context of computer networking. To read more, go to the link below.


Summary & References

  • All websites' IP addresses are stored on the DNS server.
  • The files (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files) of a website or webpage are stored on a webserver.
  • Read more about Telecommunication Computer Network


[1] Mechanism of Wireless Communication

[2] Routing and Switching.





Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

OFDM Symbols and Subcarriers Explained

This article explains how OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols and subcarriers work. It covers modulation, mapping symbols to subcarriers, subcarrier frequency spacing, IFFT synthesis, cyclic prefix, and transmission. Step 1: Modulation First, modulate the input bitstream. For example, with 16-QAM , each group of 4 bits maps to one QAM symbol. Suppose we generate a sequence of QAM symbols: s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, …, s63 Step 2: Mapping Symbols to Subcarriers Assume N sub = 8 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol in the frequency domain contains 8 QAM symbols (one per subcarrier): Mapping (example) OFDM symbol 1 → s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7 OFDM symbol 2 → s8, s9, s10, s11, s12, s13, s14, s15 … OFDM sym...

Design of CMOS XOR/XNOR Gates

Design of CMOS XOR/XNOR Gates The semiconductor industry has experienced rapid integration of multimedia applications into mobile electronics, leading to very high integration density in CMOS VLSI. As operating frequencies increase, power consumption, speed, silicon area, and reliability become critical considerations. The XOR-XNOR circuits are fundamental building blocks in arithmetic circuits (Full Adders, Multipliers), compressors, comparators, parity checkers, code converters, error-detecting/correcting codes, and phase detectors. Their performance directly impacts the complex circuits they are used in. Design goals include full output voltage swing, low power consumption, reduced transistor count, minimal delay, and simultaneous non-skewed outputs. Static Logic (Static CMOS) Stat...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Signal Generation

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulat...

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers with Solutions

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2026 PYQ ⬇️ Download Papers and Solutions 📋 Exam Pattern 💡 Preparation Tips ❓ FAQs 📊 Exam Highlights: Electronic Science (88) Feature Details Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) ₹37,000 + HRA per month Eligibility M.Sc/M.Tech in Electronics (55%) Validity of Certificate JRF (3 Years) | Lectureship (Lifetime) 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading 📂 View All Question Papers June 2025 - Question Paper Download PDF June 2025 - Solved Paper + Explanation ...

DFTs-OFDM vs OFDM: Why DFT-Spread OFDM Reduces PAPR Effectively (with MATLAB Code)

Understanding PAPR in DFT-spread OFDM vs. Standard OFDM In modern wireless communications like 4G LTE and 5G NR, managing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is critical for hardware efficiency. While OFDM is the gold standard for high-speed data, its high PAPR poses significant challenges for mobile devices. This is where DFTs-OFDM (also known as SC-FDMA) comes in. DFT-spread OFDM (DFTs-OFDM) has lower Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) because it "spreads" the data in the frequency domain before applying IFFT, making the time-domain signal behave more like a single-carrier signal rather than a multi-carrier one like OFDM. Deeper Explanation: Aspect OFDM DFTs-OFDM Signal Type Multi-carrier Single-carrier-like Process IFFT of QAM directly QAM → DFT → IFFT PAPR Level High (due to many...

Calculation of SNR from FFT bins in MATLAB

📘 Overview 💻 FFT Bin Method 💻 Kaiser Window 📚 Further Reading SNR Estimation Overview In digital signal processing, estimating the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) accurately is crucial. Below, we demonstrate how to calculate SNR from periodogram and FFT bins using the Kaiser Window . The beta (β) parameter is the key—it allows you to control the trade-off between main-lobe width and side-lobe levels for precise spectral analysis. 1 Define Sampling rate and Time vector 2 Compute FFT and Periodogram PSD 3 Identify Signal Bin and Frequency resolution 4 Segment Signal Power from Noise floor 5 Logarithmic calculation of SNR in dB Method 1: Estimation from FFT Bins This approach uses a Hamming window to estimate SNR directly from the spectral bins. MATLAB Source Code Copy Code clc...

OFDM Baseband and Passband

  MATLAB Code >> %% OFDM BPSK Full Simulation: All Plots clear all ; close all ; clc; % --- 0. Parameters (Matching your HTML UI) --- nSymbols = 2; % Number of OFDM Symbols N = 4; % Subcarriers nCP = 2; % Cyclic Prefix fs = 1000; % Sampling Frequency (Hz) fc = 5; % Carrier Frequency (Hz) baudRate = 1; % Baud Rate %% --- 1. Generate Message (Bitstream) --- totalBits = nSymbols * N; bits = randi([0 1], 1, totalBits); %% --- 2. Make OFDM Symbols (Serial to Parallel) --- % Each column is one OFDM Symbol bitMatrix = reshape(bits, N, nSymbols); %% --- 3. Apply BPSK Mapping --- % 0 -> -1, 1 -> 1 bpskSymbols = 2*bitMatrix - 1; %% --- 4. Perform IFFT (Baseband Time Domain) --- ofdmTimeDomain = ifft(bpskSymbols, N); %% --- 5. Add Cyclic Prefix --- cpPart = ofdmTimeDomain(end-nCP+1:end, :); ofdmWithCP = [cpPart; ofdmTimeDomain]; serialBaseband = ofdmWithCP(:); % Flatten for transmission %% --- 6. Generat...