This article explains how OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols and subcarriers work. It covers modulation, mapping symbols to subcarriers, subcarrier frequency spacing, IFFT synthesis, cyclic prefix, and transmission. Step 1: Modulation First, modulate the input bitstream. For example, with 16-QAM , each group of 4 bits maps to one QAM symbol. Suppose we generate a sequence of QAM symbols: s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, …, s63 Step 2: Mapping Symbols to Subcarriers Assume N sub = 8 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol in the frequency domain contains 8 QAM symbols (one per subcarrier): Mapping (example) OFDM symbol 1 → s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7 OFDM symbol 2 → s8, s9, s10, s11, s12, s13, s14, s15 … OFDM sym...
📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator! Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
Steps to calculate Spectral power density using Bartlett Method 'M' is the length of each segment for the Bartlett method, set to 100 samples. 'K' is the number of segments obtained by dividing the total number of samples N by the segment length 'M'. psd_bartlett_broadband is initialized to store the accumulated periodogram. For each segment k, x_k extracts the k-th segment of the broadband signal. P_k computes the periodogram of the k-th segment using the FFT. The periodograms are accumulated and averaged over all segments. The PSD is plotted in dB/Hz by converting the power values to decibels using 10 * log10. MATLAB Script clc; clear; close all; % Parameters fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency t = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs; % Time vector N = length(t); % Number of samples % Generate synthetic broadband ARMA process arma_order = [2, 2]; % ARMA(p,q) order a = [1, -0.75, 0....
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🧮 Coherence Bandwidth 🧮 Coherence Time 🧮 MATLAB Code s 📚 Further Reading Coherence Bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is a concept in wireless communication and signal processing that relates to the frequency range over which a wireless channel remains approximately constant in terms of its characteristics. Coherence bandwidth is inversely related to the delay spread time (e.g., RMS delay spread). The coherence bandwidth is related to the delay spread of the channel, which is a measure of the time it takes for signals to traverse the channel due to multipath. The two are related by the following approximation: Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/(delay spread time) Or, Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/(root-mean-square delay spread time) (Coherence bandwidth in Hertz) For instance, if the root-mean-square delay spread is 500 ns (i.e., {1/(2*10^6)} seconds), the coherence bandwidth is approximately 2 MHz (1 / 500e-9) in ...
📘 Introduction, Gaussian Distribution, Relationship Between Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution 🧮 How to mitigate Rayleigh fading? 🧮 Equalizer to reduce Rayleigh Fading (or Multi-path Effects) in MATLAB 🧮 MATLAB Code for Effects of AWGN and Rayleigh Fading in Wireless Communication 🧮 Simulator for the effect of AWGN and Rayleigh Fading on a BPSK Signal 📚 Further Reading Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh distributions ... The Rayleigh distribution in classical fading models (like wireless communication) arises from modeling the real and imaginary parts of a complex baseband signal as independent, zero-mean Gaussian random variables — under specific assumptions . 1. Gaussian Distribution The Gaussian distribution has a lot of applications in wireless communication. Since noise in wireless communication systems is unpredictable, we frequently assume that it has a Gaussian distribution...