Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator! Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Q-function in BER vs. SNR Calculation In the context of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) calculations, the Q-function plays a significant role, especially in digital communications and signal processing . What is the Q-function? The Q-function is a mathematical function that represents the tail probability of the standard normal distribution. Specifically, it is defined as: Q(x) = (1 / sqrt(2Ï€)) ∫â‚“∞ e^(-t² / 2) dt In simpler terms, the Q-function gives the probability that a standard normal random variable exceeds a value x . This is closely related to the complementary cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The Role of the Q-function in BER vs. SNR The Q-function is widely used in the calculation of the Bit Error Rate (BER) in communication systems, particularly in systems like Binary Phase Shift Ke...
Relationship Between Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) The relationship between Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a fundamental concept in digital communication systems. Here’s a detailed explanation: BER (Bit Error Rate): The ratio of the number of bits incorrectly received to the total number of bits transmitted. It measures the quality of the communication link. SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio): The ratio of the signal power to the noise power, indicating how much the signal is corrupted by noise. Relationship The BER typically decreases as the SNR increases. This relationship helps evaluate the performance of various modulation schemes. BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) Simple and robust. BER in AWGN channel: BER = 0.5 × erfc(√SNR) Performs well at low SNR. QPSK (Quadrature...
📘 Overview 📘 LARGE SCALE FADING 📘 SMALL SCALE FADING 📘 SLOW FADING 📘 FAST FADING 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading LARGE SCALE FADING The term 'Large scale fading' is used to describe variations in received signal power over a long distance, usually just considering shadowing. Assume that a transmitter (say, a cell tower) and a receiver (say, your smartphone) are in constant communication. Take into account the fact that you are in a moving vehicle. An obstacle, such as a tall building, comes between your cell tower and your vehicle's line of sight (LOS) path. Then you'll notice a decline in the power of your received signal on the spectrogram. Large-scale fading is the term for this type of phenomenon. SMALL SCALE FADING Small scale fading is a term that describes rapid fluctuations in the received signal power on a small time scale. This includes multipath propagation effects as well as movement-induced Doppler fr...
Assuming known stationary signal and noise spectra and additive noise, the Wiener filter is a filter used in signal processing to provide an estimate of a desired or target random process through linear time-invariant (LTI) filtering of an observed noisy process. The mean square error between the intended process and the estimated random process is reduced by the Wiener filter. Fig: Block diagram view of the FIR Wiener filter for discrete series. An input signal x[n] is convolved with the Wiener filter g[n] and the result is compared to a reference signal s[n] to obtain the filtering error e[n]. In the big picture, the signal is attenuated and added with noise, then the signal is passed through a Wiener filter. And the function of the Wiener filter is to minimize the mean square error between the filter output of the received signal and the reference signal by adjusting the Wiener filter tap coefficient. Description...