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Wireless Communication Technical Interview  & Questions

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WordPress Setup & Database

WordPress, as we all know, is a PHP and MySQL-based content management system. It keeps all of its data in MySQL databases. As a result, we must understand how to work with the WordPress database. To begin, we must install WordPress CMS or prepare WordPress for use. Download WordPress from "wordpress.org" and then go to the website's "get WordPress" section. Then, on the screen, you'll see a link to download the current version of WordPress, which you should do. You will be given a.zip file to download. After that, unzip the file.


Then navigate to the file "wp-config-sample.php." You must first build a database for your website using phpmyadmin on the XAMPP server or any other local server.


Use any HTML editor, such as sublime or notepad++, to open "wp-config-sample.php" in the unzipped WordPress file. When using a local server, update the db or database name and retain the username as 'root.' There's no need to type anything in the password field; just type ' '  or inverted commas. Now, as before, keep the server name as 'localhost.' You must now rename the file "wp-config-sample.php" to "wp-config.php." 


Now, using the link "localhost/mywebsite/install.php," open the "install.php" file in the next step. Copy the link and paste it into any browser. You'll notice that a new window has opened. We used'mywebsite' in our url because that is the name of our WordPress site. Use your own site name if your site's name is different. Although we have previously demonstrated how to name your WordPress site. You'll be prompted for your username, password, and email address, among other things. Fill it out carefully before clicking the submit button. Now you'll get a notice congratulating you on your WordPress site's successful installation. Now you can continue to blog using your WordPress CMS. Go to "localhost/mywebsite/wp-admin/" on your computer. After that, you'll be taken to the 'WordPress' dashboard. You can use this area to create, update, or delete pages or blogs, among other things. WordPress is known as a Content Management System (CMS) because of this.


Watch the video below for additional information. There are several videos/a playlist that will show you how to download, install, and connect a database to a MySQL database. There will be issues if you do not link your database to your WordPress CMS.

WordPress CMS now powers more than 40% of all websites. In the year 2003, WordPress was created. It is now the most widely used CMS. WordPress developers are in high demand these days. There are many free and commercial themes and plugins available to help you create eye-catching websites. It can be found in the WordPress Dashboard. You can also use the 'Elementor' plugin to create your own custom website design.


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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
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Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

📘 Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) 🧮 Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK 🧮 Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
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Power Spectral Density Calculation Using FFT in MATLAB

📘 Overview 🧮 Steps to calculate the PSD of a signal 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Power spectral density (PSD) tells us how the power of a signal is distributed across different frequency components, whereas Fourier Magnitude gives you the amplitude (or strength) of each frequency component in the signal. Steps to calculate the PSD of a signal Firstly, calculate the first Fourier transform (FFT) of a signal Then, calculate the Fourier magnitude of the signal The power spectrum is the square of the Fourier magnitude To calculate power spectrum density (PSD), divide the power spectrum by the total number of samples and the frequency resolution. {Frequency resolution = (sampling frequency / total number of samples)} Sampling frequency (fs): The rate at which the continuous-time signal is sampled (in Hz). ...
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OFDM Symbols and Subcarriers Explained

This article explains how OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols and subcarriers work. It covers modulation, mapping symbols to subcarriers, subcarrier frequency spacing, IFFT synthesis, cyclic prefix, and transmission. Step 1: Modulation First, modulate the input bitstream. For example, with 16-QAM , each group of 4 bits maps to one QAM symbol. Suppose we generate a sequence of QAM symbols: s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, …, s63 Step 2: Mapping Symbols to Subcarriers Assume N sub = 8 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol in the frequency domain contains 8 QAM symbols (one per subcarrier): Mapping (example) OFDM symbol 1 → s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7 OFDM symbol 2 → s8, s9, s10, s11, s12, s13, s14, s15 … OFDM sym...
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Calculation of SNR from FFT bins in MATLAB

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Code for Estimation of SNR from FFT bins of a Noisy Signal 🧮 MATLAB Code for Estimation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio from Power Spectral Density Using FFT and Kaiser Window Periodogram from real signal data 📚 Further Reading   Here, you can find the SNR of a received signal from periodogram / FFT bins using the Kaiser operator. The beta (β) parameter characterizes the Kaiser window, which controls the trade-off between the main lobe width and the side lobe level in the frequency domain. For that you should know the sampling rate of the signal.  The Kaiser window is a type of window function commonly used in signal processing, particularly for designing finite impulse response (FIR) filters and performing spectral analysis. It is a general-purpose window that allows for control over the trade-off between the main lobe width (frequency resolution) and side lobe levels (suppression of spectral leakage). The Kaiser window is defined...
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MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...
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Online Channel Impulse Response Simulator

  Fundamental Theory of Channel Impulse Response The fundamental theory behind the channel impulse response in wireless communication often involves complex exponential components such as: \( h(t) = \sum_{i=1}^{L} a_i \cdot \delta(t - \tau_i) \cdot e^{j\theta_i} \) Where: \( a_i \) is the amplitude of the \( i^{th} \) path \( \tau_i \) is the delay of the \( i^{th} \) path \( \theta_i \) is the phase shift (often due to Doppler effect, reflection, etc.) \( e^{j\theta_i} \) introduces a phase rotation (complex exponential) The convolution \( x(t) * h(t) \) gives the received signal So, instead of representing the channel with only real-valued amplitudes, each path can be more accurately modeled using a complex gain : \( h[n] = a_i \cdot e^{j\theta_i} \) 1. Simple Channel Impulse Response Simulator  (Here you can input only a unit impulse signal) Input Signal (Unit Impu...
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Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time

🧮 Coherence Bandwidth 🧮 Coherence Time 🧮 MATLAB Code s 📚 Further Reading Coherence Bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is a concept in wireless communication and signal processing that relates to the frequency range over which a wireless channel remains approximately constant in terms of its characteristics. Coherence bandwidth is inversely related to the delay spread time (e.g., RMS delay spread). The coherence bandwidth is related to the delay spread of the channel, which is a measure of the time it takes for signals to traverse the channel due to multipath. The two are related by the following approximation: Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/(delay spread time) Or, Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/(root-mean-square delay spread time) (Coherence bandwidth in Hertz) For instance, if the root-mean-square delay spread is 500 ns (i.e., {1/(2*10^6)} seconds), the coherence bandwidth is approximately 2 MHz (1 / 500e-9) in ...
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